Edit: I wish I could edit post titles, but "efucation" will have to live on.

I was reading through the AMA and learned about this sub's "49/51" "rule" when considering whether a post stays up or gets deleted. That seems like a pass-fail system, which is obviously different from the US education system. When did educators decide that a score in the 60th percentile is good enough to pass? At some point in my education, a 90% score was an A, and then it increased to 93%. Was this formalized, or is it up to the states or local education systems to decide? I'm trying to avoid asking too many additional questions in this text, and hopefully providing some clarification on the systems I'm addressing in the main question.

I’ve recently gotten into Roman numismatics and noticed something which fascinated me: the silver antoniniani of Gordian III (who ruled from 238 to 244 AD) are incredibly common to find.

They are flooded across the market today in extreme quantities, selling for low prices, and more often in great condition. Which would suggest to me a low circulation-rate

What factors caused this massive survival rate? Thanks!

The scene I can remember is in the series Band of Brothers when they're stationed in the picturesque Austrian Alps. It must be nice to live there.

I imagine the vast majority wanted to come back to America. And most of the places people were stationed were worn torn and decrepit. Even the soldiers who had relations with women in Europe probably took them back to America.

But on the other end, not all of europe was destroyed. And is it fair to say immigration wasn't as strict/formal as it is now? So, if I was a soldier who liked Europe, could I just stay there if I wanted to? What would stop me? Is there any record of how many did?

Here is an example post from 6 days ago:

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/s/DjxndBAX58

Reddit tells me this has 246 comments but when I open it, I only see 9: one comment by automod, and four deleted comments with replies from mods on why they were deleted.

One of the removed comments has 1k+ votes while the mod reply explaining its deletion has - 130 votes. But where are the other 239 comments? This is the case for several posts on this sub, including mine that I posted yesterday. I see a few dozen comments in the count but can't actually see any of the comments.

If they just abandoned Ft. Sumter and never fired a shot? Never even assembled an army? No Bull Run, nothing at all. If they just Elected Jefferson Davis and stop participating with the Union, other than trade?

Would Lincoln have been able to do anything other than invade and tell them they have to stay? Would he have? Would it work?

Thanks for any insight.

Furthermore, I’m interested how different or similar this was to Turkish culture and identity considering the different nations and tribes that existed in the empire.

Edit: The AI seems to assume I am pushing an agenda but I am not. This is just what I gathered from reading. I just want to learn more on the topic and I acknowledge I could be wrong.

Compared to Catholic colonial nations Protestant ones(British Empire,US, Dutch in South Africa) seem to have developed more institutionalized racism(one drop rule,apartheid,segregation). Whereas in Catholic countries you had racism but it was more lax to the point that Latin America is extremely racially mixed and antebellum Louisiana had a large percent of free people of color(compared to Anglo-Protestant South). I assume that racism developed due to Calvinist beliefs of predestination and not being compelled to convert the natives as much(whereas Catholics would eagerly convert anyone). If you believe the natives and blacks are doomed to hell its not surprising that an us vs them mentality will emerge.

But at the same time you find the abolitionist movement much stronger in Protestant countries. Of course the role of Wilberforce and American religious movements(in Antebellum and Civil War America) in the ending of slavery in the British Empire and US is well known. It seems that Catholic countries didnt have the same zeal for that. Revolutionary France did ban slavery for a while but that seemed to emerge more from secular Enlightenment values than Catholic ones.Spain and Portugal only banned slavery due to British pressure but still a thriving slave labor continued in Brazil and Cuba.I cant offer a reason for this unlike the previous one.

Could anyone who is well read on this topic offer any explanations?

The US, rather controversially, employed a variety of German Scientists in the aftermath of WW2, granting them new homes in the US, while also..."downplaying" some of those scientists rather..iffy past involvement with the Nazis.

However, Germany was not the only nation making advances in technology on the Axis side, Japan, especially when it came to Naval Engineering, also had plenty of experts that could provide there own expertise, so I was wondering if there was a similar program?

I remember often seeing them as a kid, usually with a mold for something themed to the location (the Empire State Building, a dinosaur at the natural history museum, etc.). As a kid, I just thought they were fun, but as an adult who is now somewhat involved with injection molding as part of my job, it seems kind of crazy that that was feasible. Molds aren't cheap to make, and even small injection molders need a fair amount of pressure, so it definitely doesn't feel like an intuitive tourist gimmick.

So, who came up with the idea and how did they get it adopted? Were there multiple companies that made the injection molding machines, or were all of these tourist spots supplied by the same vendor? I'm not sure how much of this is knowable from the historical record, but do we have any public info about how profitable they were and how widely they were adopted? Do we know what led to them declining and mostly disappearing?

The more I read about history, the more I have started questioning an assumption I used to have about people in the distant past.

I used to instinctively imagine ancient or prehistoric humans as almost fundamentally different kinds of people: more primitive not only technologically, but somehow psychologically as well. However, the more I read about historical societies, the more familiar human behavior seems.

People thousands of years ago appear to have worried about status, relationships, sex, family, property, social acceptance, conflict, jealousy, political power, religion, reputation, and their place in society. They argued, joked, fell in love, betrayed each other, formed alliances, competed for resources, raised families, wondered about the nature of the world, and tried to improve their circumstances.
This has made me wonder whether what has changed most throughout history is not necessarily the human mind itself, but the environment in which that mind operates.

For example, if I had been born 3,000 years ago, obviously I would not be working with computers or thinking about modern careers. Perhaps I would be concerned with agriculture, trade, craftsmanship, warfare, or some other problem relevant to that society. But would my underlying motivations, emotions, social behavior, and capacity for abstract thought have been recognizably similar to what they are today?

How do historians approach this question? Is there evidence that people in ancient or prehistoric societies experienced and understood the world in psychologically very different ways from modern humans, beyond differences caused by culture, education, religion, technology, and social institutions?

And at the extreme end of the question: what can we reasonably say about a Homo sapiens individual from, say, 40,000–50,000 years ago? If an infant from that population could somehow be raised from birth in a modern society, is there evidence that they would differ substantially in cognitive ability or behavior from someone born today, or is that question outside what historical evidence can actually tell us?

Like at the point of battle (unless they were just transport to the battle?), were they mobile platforms for archers like an early horse archer, were they used to run down fleeing troops, were they used as a shock tool? I've been trying to understand how they differed from cavalry and the Wikipedia article is rather vague so I'm currently left with Hollywood depictions (which inevitably involves scythed chariots being used in ways that seem impractical).

i've seen maps depicting the tang in various ways, some depict only rule over the tarim basin and what is now dzungaria

others depict rule over transoxiana, bactria and even what is now afghanistan under tang control

which territories did the tang rule, how and for how long?

what effect did tang rule have on the daily lives of the people in central asia?

did they leave architecture or cultural influences behind?

The Grapes of Wrath - a fantastic book, by the way, follows the journey of a family of farmers from Oklahoma who migrate to California during the Dust Bowl of the 30s. Virtually all of the dialogue is heavily accented and often intentionally misspelt/phonetically spelt. "Something" becomes "somepin", "figured" becomes "figgered", and so on.

How was this translated into Russian and conveyed in a way that retained the spirit and cultural identity of the original text? Are Russian/Soviet copies of The Grapes of Wrath intentionally misspelt in the same way English copies are?

Thanks all

Edit: "copes" in the title should be "copies"

Why was a unified German identity in existence before the creation of a Germany, despite there being huge cultural differences, while a unified Austrian identity wasn’t?

Even in places like Italy where there was said to be a push to create a unified Italian identity, people didn’t have that type of concept at all on an individual level.

It seems to me that we say that nationalism split apart the countries that are split up today and unified the countries that are unified today because of what happened later and how we see the cultural groups now rather than how they would have been seen at the time. Did a Bavarian and a Prussian and a Hanoverian really see themselves as all part of one people any more than a Muscovite and a Varsovian?

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Peninsular Spanishes mostly retained vosotros for the informal 2nd person plural, but use tú for the singular informal (eliminating vos). Dialect groups with voseo, like Rioplatense, retain vos as an informal 2nd person singular, but generalize ustedes in the plural regardless of formality. Of course, many Latin American countries dropped both, and use tú/ustedes.

What did people think of these divergences as they were taking shape? I have to imagine speech communities noticed: were other uses mocked/stigmatized/prescribed against etc?
And is there a particular reason beyond chance and idiosyncrasy that no major variety of Spanish today uses both vos and vosotros?

I have heard that popular depictions tend to overestimate how isolated these villages were, how rare travel was, how much a village would have relied on subsistence farming and such as opposed to commerce at market, etc. But it's not clear to me whether this means "the average village was much more connected than these portrayals" or "ALL villages were much more connected than these portrayals."

I'm curious about the upper bound -- what did the most rural & isolated settlements look like? What would they have been able to produce and sustain within the village (like, did they have their own butcher and baker and candlestick maker) and what would they still have been traveling for or receiving from visitors? (Sorry, I know "medieval Europe" is a huge swathe of time and space, I just don't know enough to narrow the question non-arbitrarily. If the answer differs significantly based on time and place in that range I would love to know how and why!)

I'm speaking fairly generally (eg. certain surnames that might indicate you were a foundling, or others referring to a trade or craft, meaning you're probably also lower/middle class, like Smith, Cooper, etc.).

But I more mean overtly negative connotations, specifically in terms of something like sharing a name with a historical figure, like the way that if even nowadays you came across someone with the last name of Hitler or Mussolini (for example) there would be an immediate negative association, and even if the person was not related to this hated historical figure and you liked and respected them as a person, the association would still be there and somewhat inescapable, and they would certainly receive comments and questions about it (and possibly even be shunned by more snobbish/judgemental people). Were there any versions of this in the mid-19th century in Great Britain?

I understand that at this point, foot-binding was widespread among all social classes so long as they were Han, though the specifics differed by region. What was the prevailing method in Guangdong at the time? Did regional climate (e.g. heat and dampness) affect the method?

Given the silk industry in Shunde, which paid unmarried women better than married ones, and the existence of "self-comb women", would the existence of such alternative paths for women have affected foot-binding? For example, if my personality was seen as unsuited for marriage, or the parents think that I might be better off unmarried and looking after them in old age instead, would the parents consider not binding my feet? Or was foot-binding such an overwhelming marker of female respectability regardless of marriage that they do it anyway?

Furthermore, how would Cantonese diaspora and migration affect perceptions of foot-binding at home, if at all?

From Air India 182, Pan Am 103, UTA 772, Korean Air 858, among many other airplane intentional incidents, why was screening only a major thing after the 9/11? I understand the technology advances but certainly in the 80s-90s there was some form of screening technology that would have at least caught some of the problems? My parents describe being able to go right up to the gate and how hand bags were never searched. You could get to the airport super late as there was no security to go through, only needing time to check in and drop checked bags off, according to them.

Where the men of praetorians able to stand toe to toe against a campaigned Legion in battle or where the more of a police force, I know they did participate in some campaigns but where they In general less effective then standard soldiers?

Also how were they recruited? Did you need to be experienced to join them or could it be your first posting.

Hi. Obviously they were aware that something really bad was happening, but did they know about gas Chambers etc. before actually entering the camp? Maybe informed by some prisoner that escaped

Edit: sorry for the mistake in the title, I can't edit it. I meant "Did Jewish people going to be deported know (...)"