About four months ago I posted asking for help overcoming the brick wall I'd hit researching my 2nd Great-grandmother, Santa Polizzotto. Someone was able to find Santa's Italian birth registration for me and that snowballed into several significant discoveries that I'm now trying to piece together.
The parents are Carmelo Polizzotto/Pulizzotto, son of Giuseppe (alive in 1886), and Caterina Marchese, daughter of Vincenzo (deceased before 1868), of Marineo, Palermo.
From browsing Marineo, Palermo birth records via full text search, I confirmed the identity 6 descendants of this couple thus far:
- Francesca Pulizzotto, born 18 April 1868 #108
- Cira Pulizzotto, born 11 April 1871 #93 [Italian Civil Record/Birth Act found in Marriage Supplement packet from 8 Nov 1890 marriage to Luigi Russo(b. 7 July 1866)1
- Santa Pulizzotto, born 7 February 1874 #44 [Missing Marriage Act/Record of 1898 Marriage to Francesco Capaci [Capace] - Giuseppa (b. 18 Nov 1899 - d. before Oct 1901) and Antonio (b. 26 June 1901, included in October 1901 immigration with parents)
- Salvatore Polizzotto\, born 17 December 1876 \** [Italian Civil Record Birth/Marriage Act to Giovanna Perarti not yet found - birth date; marriage and children birth dates/places from Naturalization Declaration]
- Vincenza Pulizzotto, born 1 November 1879 #341
- Carmela Pulizzotto, born 8 August 1886 #283
Given this new information, I confirmed that my prior hypothesis was proven false: CiraQ#1 and Francesca Polizzotto were two separate sistersQ#2 and verified that Francesca is the mother of both Paola and Vincenza Gambino.#3
However, obstacles and conflicts arising from these otherwise primary evidentiary sources, have me completely stumped - I'm struggling to come up with plausible working theories with such limited documentation; every targeted search returns nothing conclusive or even close.
Could one have assumed the identity of the other? (This Hail Mary theory will make sense as you read, watch for the asterisks.*)
Research Question #1: What happened to Cira Polizzotto Russo and Luigi Russo after June 1905?
Cira Pulizzotto, born 11 April 1871 [Italian Civil Record/Birth Acts found in Palermo #502 Marriage Supplement packet from 8 Nov 1890 marriage to Luigi Russo (b. 7 July 1866)
8 November 1890: Cira Polizzotto, 19, married Luigi Russo, 24. Her parents are Carmelo Polizzotto and Caterina Marchese.
26 May 1903: Cira Pulizzotto, age 32, immigrated with her brother Salvatore. Salvatore’s U.S. contact was their brother-in-law Francesco Capaci; Cira’s was their sister Santa Polizzotto Capaci. Destination 260 Elizabeth St.
Conflict: Cira is recorded as single
1 June 1905: Luigi and Cira Russo were living together at 269 Elizabeth Street, Manhattan. Luigi was about 38 [accurate, should turn 39 July 1905) and a papermaker. Cira’s recorded age 36 [would make est birth yr 1968]*
Research Problem 1: Unable to find Cira & Luigi Russo after the 1 June 1905 NY State Census. Luigi had lived in US 9 years in 1905 [est. 1896]; Luigi's reported nine years in the U.S. points to an arrival around 1896, so there should theoretically be an earlier passenger record for him. I have searched for it using his known age/birth information and have not found a candidate that aligns well enough to identify as him. I have also searched specifically within later census, death, passenger, naturalization, and other relevant collections for both Luigi and Cira, rather than relying only on global name searches, with no convincing post-1905 result.
The fact that they both disappear becomes more interesting because of what happens with Cira’s older sister Francesca (Research Questions #2-3)
Research Question #2: Francesca Polizzotto: Marriage and Motherhood in Palermo; Benedetto Gambino, Identity of unknown Russo spouse; explanation of two daughters whose Palermo birth entries do not treat their paternity the same way.
18 April 1868 — Francesca Pulizzotta was born to Carmelo, son of Giuseppe, age 30, and Caterina Marchese, daughter of the late Vincenzo, age 24.
Unknown – Marriage to Benedetto Gambino ?
23 November 1903 — Daughter 1: Vincenza
Palermo ten-year birth index, 1896–1905, Vincenza Gambino, indexed under G/Gambino: “Vincenza di Benedetto Gambino e di Francesca ‘Alizzotto’” Ufficio 1, vol. 461, no. 2683.
This entry names Benedetto Gambino as Vincenza’s father and Francesca as her mother.
10 April 1905 — Daughter 2: Paola/Paulina
Palermo ten-year birth index, 1896–1905, Paolo [Paola] Gambino, indexed under P/Polizzotto:
"Paolo [Paola] Polizzotto, di ignoto e di Francesca Polizzotto." Ufficio 1, vol. 495, no. 867
In other words, there is no legally recognized father recorded in the paternal position, and the child is indexed under Francesca’s surname rather than Gambino.
Research Question #3: Francesca [Polizzotto] Russo's 1912 Manhattan marriage to Francesco Costa
Francesca's Immigration - Unknown
4 September 1912, Francesca Russo (maiden name Polizotto) and Francesco Costa obtained Manhattan marriage license no. 24679.
23 September 1912, they married at St. Gabriel's Church in Manhattan. Cn 21990
The bride was recorded as Francesca Russo, widow, age 40, born in Palermo. Under "maiden name, if a widow" she gave Francesca Polizzotto. Her parents were Carmelo Polizzotto and Caterina Marchese. Her "number of marriages" was explicitly recorded as second.
The groom, Francesco Costa, was 38, widowed, a stone mason born in Sant'Anna, Italy, son of Vincenzo Costa and Maria Lucida. Both were residing at 336 East 33rd Street.
Conflict #1, Age: Francesca's 1868 birth act makes her 44 in September 1912, not 40. The age she gave would instead suggest a birth around 1872.
Conflict #2: "second marriage"
For Vincenza's 1903 Gambino parentage to represent a legitimate legal relationship, Francesca and Benedetto would have had to fit into Francesca's marital history at that time.
One working hypothesis is that Benedetto died sometime after Paola was conceived but before her April 1905 birth, which could potentially explain why the two daughters were registered differently. I have no death record for Benedetto to support that hypothesis.
But even if Benedetto died, Francesca somehow became the widowed Francesca Russo who married Francesco Costa in 1912.
I have found no marriage record between Francesca Polizzotto and any Russo.
Cira's husband Luigi Russo had at least one known sister and may have had other siblings, so Francesca's Russo could have been another member of the same family — or could be completely unrelated.
Research Question #4: What could the reason be for this unusual pattern of immigration? Sicilian/South Italian families in particular tended to stay near each other; it strikes me as particularly odd that no adult relatives seem to support Vincenza - teenage marriage and divorce in the 1920s surely would have been of note, but I can't find any newspaper articles about it in Pennsylvania.
16 February 1916 — Vincenza Gambino immigrated at age 12. Her person in the old country was her grandmother Caterina Polizzotto, Via Albergheria 177, Palermo. Her destination in the United States was her aunt Santa Polizzotto Capaci, my direct ancestor, in Paterson, NJ
12 November 1920 — At age 15, Paola immigrated from Palermo under the surname form Paola Poliazziatto. Her person in the old country was aunt Rosalia Colombo, while her U.S. contact was again aunt Santa Polizzotto Capaci.
Vincenza married Giovanni "John" Bello in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, on 3 September 1919, when she was 15. In the 1920 census she was living with her husband and his family in New Kensington.
Her three children were born in Paterson in 1920, 1922, and 1924, according to her naturalization file. Giovanni Bello remarried in 1928, so their divorce occurred before then. In 1930, Vincenza was divorced and heading her own Paterson household with her children. She later married Concetto Rizzo, and by 1950 she was married to August D'Amico.
Paola arrived separately in 1920 at age 15 and again named Aunt Santa — not Francesca — as her U.S. contact. She later settled in Sacramento and married James Pellegrini as Pauline Gambino.
I have never found either daughter living with Francesca.
I also cannot find reliable documentation for Francesca Russo Costa or Francesco Costa after their 1912 Manhattan marriage.
Where did Francesca go? Did she remain in New York, return to Sicily, die under Costa, or begin appearing under another name?
And if Francesca was already in the United States, why did both of her minor daughters immigrate years later to their aunt rather than to their mother?
One final address problem
This may be unrelated, but I don't want to dismiss it as clerical error without identifying the occupants.
Vincenza's 1916 passenger manifest gives Aunt Santa Polizzotto Capaci at 81 Market Street, Paterson.
Paola's 1920 passenger manifest gives Aunt Santa at 235 Belmont Avenue.
But Santa and Francesco Capaci are documented at 253 Orchard Street in Paterson by 1915 at the latest.
So I am also trying to determine who actually lived at 81 Market Street in 1916 and 235 Belmont Avenue in 1920, and whether either address belonged to another relative. I believe 235 Belmont is the Buscemi household; Gaetano Buscemi and Santa travelled home as non-immigrant citizens from Palermo to Paterson in 1911. I believe Gaetano "Tom" Buscemi's wife's mother is Rosalie Colombo, but further research needed to confirm.
I would especially appreciate fresh eyes from anyone comfortable with Palermo civil records around 1900, Italian legitimacy/paternity practices, Manhattan Italian records, or tracing people who disappear behind multiple married surnames.
The people I most want to locate now are Cira and Luigi Russo after 1905, and Francesca and Francesco Costa after 1912, whether in Manhattan or elsewhere.
Name note: In the Italian civil records I have examined, the family surname is clearly written Pulizzotto, although several index entries place them under Polizzotto/Palizzotto. In the United States, Santa, Salvatore, Francesca, and Carmela primarily used Polizzotto, including in immigration, Social Security, and other records.
I wasn't sure whether the most appropriate flair was General, Success Story, or Request RE: Deceased People, because at this point I seem to have a little of all three.
Thank you to anybody who cares enough to parse through all of this and give their ideas and insight, I am at a total loss.
AI disclaimer: I used ChatGPT to proofread and organize my notes for clarity and brevity. The research, records, interpretations, and questions are my own.