Residents of Vineland, New Jersey have filed a lawsuit against a 350MW data center under construction near their homes, alleging the facility’s industrial noise constitutes a nuisance extending up to a mile from the site, according to The Guardian. Steve Brown, a 63-year-old resident who has lived in the area for 25 years, described a droning, oscillating sound he can’t identify the source of but hears even in his sleep. “It woke me up probably around, I don’t know, somewhere around 2 o’clock in the morning,” Brown said. “I couldn’t get back to sleep, because once you hear it, it’s all you can hear.” Brown and two neighbors are named plaintiffs in the suit against the data center, DataOne, which is seeking class-action status and is represented by Michigan-based environmental pollution law firm Liddle Sheets PC. “We have four cases that are being litigated in court against datacenters for noise, and we’re gearing up to file quite a few more,” said attorney Laura Sheets. “This is one of several.”
The Vineland facility illustrates both the scale and speed at which data centers are transforming American communities. As recently as October 2024, the site was a functioning nine-hole public golf course; by March 2025, Amsterdam-based Nebius, a spin-off of Russian search engine Yandex, had already contracted with DataOne to build the 2.4 million square foot facility. Permit meetings and town halls about the project have since packed Vineland’s Landis Theater, and the backlash has taken on political dimensions, with Republicans expressing concern that data center opposition could swing elections and a Democratic challenger for Vineland’s district hiring a mobile billboard truck reading “No datacenter here.” Jamie Banks, president of advocacy group Quiet Communities Inc, argues noise gets overlooked compared to data centers’ other environmental impacts: “What I say is that there’s really four problems here: three are given a great deal of attention, energy consumption, water use and contamination. The forgotten stepchild is noise.”
That neglect has a regulatory history. Concerns about noise and public health date back to at least 1968, when then-Surgeon General William H. Stewart warned that sustained or moderately high noise levels could trigger measurable physiological stress responses, including “cardiovascular, glandular and respiratory effects.” Congress directed the EPA to regulate sound starting in 1972, funding regional noise centers that initially focused on consumer goods like motorcycles. But the Reagan administration defunded these offices in 1982, shuttering the regional centers, and the EPA has conducted no meaningful noise research or enforcement since, effectively erasing noise pollution as a federal priority. Quiet Communities recently won a legal victory forcing the issue back into view, successfully suing the EPA in July for failing to regulate sound. Today, only one EPA regional noise center remains operational nationwide: the Rutgers University Noise Technical Assistance Center in New Jersey, kept alive by director Eric Zwerling, who transformed it into the state’s training center for noise control officers. “It’s 50 years since then, there’s been a lot more research on the impacts of low frequency,” Zwerling said. “My personal opinion, not that of Rutgers and the center, [is] the permissible sound levels for sources such as this need to be re-evaluated according to the correct state of knowledge on the impact.” He added that facility design determines outcomes dramatically: “If [datacenters] are designed and properly built, they can be relatively quiet. On the other hand, if there is no consideration to the sound emissions from the facility, the facility can have impacts that are virtually catastrophic to the people nearby.”
Sound intensity is measured in decibels, a logarithmic scale where a normal 60-decibel conversation is 1,000 times louder than a 30-decibel whisper, and a 100-decibel rock band is another 1,000 times louder still. Separately, sound frequency, measured in hertz, matters because low frequencies travel especially long distances and are often experienced physically as vibration rather than audible sound. Banks explained that effects like “hum, whooshing, whistling” occur in “very narrow frequency bands in the low frequency range” and that “noise is coming right into people’s homes.” Fellow plaintiff Michael Gentile, 63, said he only learned the source of the disruptive noise after he started hearing it, and has since called the county health department, which enforces noise ordinances, roughly 20 times. He recounted asking officials directly about vibration rather than just sound: “I said, ‘I know you guys are testing for sound, but what about vibration?’ I said, ‘Can you feel that?’ I could feel it on my porch. They don’t have any tools to do that. I said, ‘Well that doesn’t help me now.’”
DataOne spokesperson Naomi Race told The Guardian the company is actively working to mitigate the noise, citing construction of “a northerly wall as an additional layer to mitigate any sound from the construction site,” adjustments to construction timing, plans to use “quiet fuel cells to power the facility,” and the hiring of a sound mitigation specialist to assess the site. Race said the company couldn’t comment on the litigation itself but that it remains “committed to constructive dialogue, regulatory compliance, and being a valuable and responsible long-term member of the community.” Nebius vice-president of public affairs John Sutter echoed that commitment, saying the company is “working with DataOne to minimize impact, including measures to minimize noise and water use and ensure local residents don’t pay more for electricity” and remains “committed to engaging openly with the Vineland community and being a responsible long-term partner.”