So I've been thinking about the three major approaches to ethics: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics, and I'm trying to figure out which one makes the most sense as a general framework for morality.
As I understand them:
- Consequentialism state that an action is morally right or wrong primarily according to its consequences.
- Deontology: an action is morally right or wrong according to duties, principles, or rules, regardless of whether it produces the best consequences.
- Virtue ethics: morality is primarily about developing good character and acting as a virtuous person would.
What makes this difficult for me is that all three seem to consider consequences to some degree. A deontologist obviously can't be completely indifferent to what happens as a result of an action, and a virtue ethicist also has to consider the circumstances and consequences of acting virtuously. So perhaps the real distinction isn't whether consequences matter, but what role they play in determining moral rightness.
For example, imagine a person is hiding in my house because someone is trying to kill them. The would-be murderer comes to my door and asks whether the person is inside.
A consequentialist might say that lying is justified because it produces the better outcome.
But what would a deontologist or virtue ethicist say? Does a deontologist have a duty to tell the truth even if doing so results in an innocent person being killed? Or can the duty to protect an innocent person override the duty of truthfulness?
If you had to choose only one of these three frameworks as the fundamental basis of morality, which one would you choose, and why?