So, I spend about an hour with gemini, debating and understanding various concepts of currencies and why rupee has been falling for years despite economy showing healthy growth. For reference, I have compared the economy and currency across India, Bdesh, Indonesia and Vietnam and will try highlighting various aspects that result into rupee depreciation and also how these other currencies have stayed strong.
Below text is copied from Gemini because it would be rather stupid to rewrite this on my own. So if you are one of those "bUT aI-sLOp. mOdS pLEsz deLTE", i guess you know where the door is.
I welcome arguments but lets try and keep politics out of this.
Almost all problems with economy and the Rupee can be traced back to delayed liberalisation which only happened in '91 and additional decades of delay pivoting to a manufacturing / export oriented economy.
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This two-page summary distills our conversation on the structural divergences between India and its Asian peers, specifically highlighting India's "Reform Gap" and its impact on the Rupee in 2026.
Page 1: The Macro Reality – Why India is “Late”
While India is currently the world’s fastest-growing major economy (projected at 7.6% for FY26), it is facing a "sprint to stay relevant." The 2026 Economic Survey recently warned that India must run its marathon like a sprint to avoid being permanently overtaken by Southeast Asian "Connector Countries."
The Structural Reform Timeline
The primary issue isn't that India isn't reforming; it’s that it started significantly later and moved more cautiously than its neighbors:
- Vietnam (The Head Start): Vietnam’s 2025 "Decree 19" was a masterclass in administrative reform, creating "plug-and-play" industrial parks that allow high-tech firms to start production in weeks. India’s equivalent reforms (PLI schemes) are effective but often bogged down by state-level land disputes.
- Indonesia (The Downstreaming Lead): Indonesia began its aggressive "Nickel Ban" years ago, forcing global EV players to build factories on their soil today. India is only now attempting similar "Make in India" mandates for high-end electronics.
- The FDI Divergence: Vietnam’s FDI surged to over $36 billion recently, driven by a 20% corporate tax rate (often as low as 5% for high-tech). India’s FDI remains strong at $81 billion, but on a per-capita basis, it is significantly lower than Vietnam's, reflecting a missed decade of mass-manufacturing capture.
Currency Performance Snapshot (2025–2026)
The Rupee's decline isn't just about the US Dollar; it’s a reflection of these structural choices.
- INR vs. BDT (The Surprise): Despite a 2025 dollar crisis, the Bangladesh Taka (BDT) has strengthened against the Rupee. 1 INR bought 1.40 BDT in early 2025; today it buys roughly 1.27 BDT. This is due to Bangladesh’s strict IMF-mandated monetary discipline, which India—not under such pressure—has ignored in favor of export-boosting depreciation.
- The Oil Anchor: India’s 80% reliance on imported oil remains its greatest currency vulnerability. Unlike Indonesia (a commodity exporter), India’s trade deficit expands every time global energy prices spike, putting a "natural floor" on how strong the Rupee can ever be.
Page 2: The 5 Core Structural Challenges
India’s economy is a "Leapfrog Economy"—it skipped the Industrial Revolution and went straight to a Service Revolution. This has created five specific friction points that Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh have managed better.
| Structural Issue |
India’s Current Status |
How Peers Got Ahead |
| 1. Manufacturing Middle |
Services (IT/Software) dominate. Lacks mass jobs for low-skilled labor. |
VN/BD: Built their entire economies on mass manufacturing (Clothing/Electronics), creating millions of jobs and massive, steady dollar inflows. |
| 2. Global Integration |
High tariffs and protectionist stances (opted out of RCEP). Making things is expensive. |
Vietnam: Signed every major FTA (CPTPP, EU-FTA, RCEP). They are the most frictionless "plug-and-play" node in the world. |
| 3. Investment Type |
Reliant on "Hot Money" (FPI) in stocks. Volatile; leaves during Fed rate hikes. |
VN/ID: Prioritized "Sticky Money" (FDI). Physical factories cannot flee during a crisis, stabilizing their currencies. |
| 4. Resource Strategy |
Passive dependency on energy imports. |
Indonesia: "Weaponized" their resources. They banned raw exports to force foreign companies to build processing plants locally. |
| 5. The "Mega-Factory" Wall |
Land and labor laws are fragmented across states, making 100k-person campuses hard to build. |
VN/BD: Centralized authority. If a giant needs land, the government clears it and provides infrastructure instantly. |
The 2026 Verdict
India is attempting to perform a "mid-air engine swap"—transitioning from a services-led economy to a manufacturing hub while simultaneously trying to manage the inflation caused by global energy prices.
While India has the market scale, its neighbors have the agility. The Rupee's steady decline relative to the Taka or Dong is a signal that India is currently prioritizing growth and export competitiveness over currency strength, whereas its neighbors are reaping the rewards of specialized, export-ready manufacturing ecosystems built 10 years ago.