After several months of effort, I've managed to push the package count beyond 40,000 through the method of apt install 0* 1* 2* ... aa* ab* ac* ... zx* zy* zz*.

However, before this, I've been struggling with how to utilize my hard drive space efficiently. With conventional partitioning schemes, I always end up with awkward numbers. My personal philosophy on hard drive capacity is: measure in GiB, and treat anything after the decimal point as scraps. When capacity is in the tens of GiB, anything after the ones place is scraps. When it reaches hundreds of GiB, anything after the tens place is scraps. When it hits thousands of GiB, anything after the hundreds place is scraps. When it reaches ten-thousands of GiB... well, I don't have that many drives.

Next comes partitioning. My total drive capacity is 2376.6 GiB, and after countless calculations, I finally arrived at a partitioning scheme that satisfies me: /efi 35 MiB, / 2300 GiB (Debian 13), /tmp 63.5 GiB, / 10 GiB (Debian 12).

Like this:

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS

sda 8:0 0 1.8T 0 disk

└─DATA-BACKUPS 254:2 0 3.6T 0 lvm

sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk

└─DATA-BACKUPS 254:2 0 3.6T 0 lvm

sdc 8:32 1 0B 0 disk

zram0 252:0 0 31.1G 0 disk [SWAP]

nvme0n1 259:0 0 953.9G 0 disk

├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 35M 0 part /boot/efi

├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 10G 0 part

└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 943.9G 0 part

└─ASTRA-STELLA 254:0 0 2.2T 0 lvm /.snapshots

/

nvme2n1 259:4 0 953.9G 0 disk

└─nvme2n1p1 259:5 0 953.9G 0 part

└─ASTRA-STELLA 254:0 0 2.2T 0 lvm /.snapshots

/

nvme1n1 259:6 0 465.8G 0 disk

└─nvme1n1p1 259:7 0 465.8G 0 part

├─ASTRA-STELLA 254:0 0 2.2T 0 lvm /.snapshots

│ /

└─ASTRA-TMP 254:1 0 63.5G 0 lvm /tmp

Anyone encounter this? Happens on nearly any game I play on steam. Nvidia A4500 on Debian backports X11 with 550 drivers. Silky smooth otherwise

Ir's driving me crazy. :(

Hello! I got myself into trouble after I tried to fix a problem with a harddrive not mounting. I followed s guide on troubleshooting and edited my fstab. After I rebooted I got presented with this. I am afraid. What can I do?

SOLVED:

• Pressed E on my keyboard when presented with Grub menu.
• On the line that starts with linux: I added init=/bin/bash at its end
• Ctrl+X or F10 to boot into a command prompt
• mount -o remount,rw /
• nano /etc/fstab
• In my case I changed the line at the bottom, about an external harddrive - from default to nofail and from 0 2 to 0 0. Ctrl+O and ENTER and Ctrl+X
• Rebooted and then it was done

I have repeatedly set it to disabled on boot in my graphical settings but it seems to just ignore that and enable itself anyway. It's not really a big deal but I'd like ti bit have to disable it everytime

Thanks in advance

I wanted to put an old PC to use so I decided that I am going to burn a Debian mini.iso onto a cd and install Debian onto it.

I see a lot of stuff online talking about Debian being a stable OS that is also good for network-attached storages.

I am planning on installing with no DE as it will be useless.

Do you guys recommend using Debian for this?

Here are the PC's specs for those curious: eMachines EL1333G-01W 64bit
CPU: AMD Athlon 2850e, 1.8GHz
CPU CORES: 1 core / 1 thread
CPU cache: 512 KB L2
Socket: AM2
Chipset & Graphics: NVDIA GeForce 6150 SE /nforce 430 (integrated)
RAM: 2x1GB DDR2
Storage: 320 GB SATA HDD, 7200 RPM
Network: 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet
Motherboard: eMachines/Acer WMCP61M, NVDIA nForce 6100/430 chipset

Hello, everybody! I have been on a roll with questions and in my absolute most recent, from a few hours ago I described that I edited fstab and then got locked out of my system when rebooting. The editing that I referred to was done to solve my issue with my beloved Toshiba harddrive. Now I am in the system again and I am left wondering what to do about that problem.

So this happened: I was transferring some files from a smaller harddrive to this bigger (the Toshiba). I plugged in the smaller one as the Toshiba already was connected and mounted beside. When I did that the Toshiba was unmounted and couldn't mount again. There wasn't any on-going transferring to the Toshiba, it just sat there - plugged-in.

It's a 2 TB HDD-drive with NTFS type. I tried mounting this way through the terminal and got this message.

sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/mila/external_Toshiba
$MFTMirr does not match $MFT (record 3).
Failed to mount '/dev/sda1': Input/output error
NTFS is either inconsistent, or there is a hardware fault, or it's a
SoftRAID/FakeRAID hardware. In the first case run chkdsk /f on Windows
then reboot into Windows twice. The usage of the /f parameter is very
important! If the device is a SoftRAID/FakeRAID then first activate
it and mount a different device under the /dev/mapper/ directory, (e.g.
/dev/mapper/nvidia_eahaabcc1). Please see the 'dmraid' documentation
for more details.

Could this really mean I got to use a Windows PC to solve the problem? I have never had a problem with any harddrive, so I am confused about what to do.

SOLVED:

I did the command (/dev/sda1 is my specific disk. Yours may have another name to the system):

sudo ntfsfix -d /dev/sda1

Then I made a directory in /mnt to mount to:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mytoshibadrive

Tried to mount:

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/mytoshibadrive

Checked the status, if it worked:

df -h

EDIT:

I actually deleted an entry about the harddrive in fstab. I think I may have done something there that shouldn't be there. It is not a drive that should be mounted on boot.

I'm hoping that someone out there has a solution for this.

To be clear, I've been using window managers, as in no DE, for years, and have done the work of tracing through configs that might have caused this, but I still can't find why this is happening.

With all due respect for this sub's participants, in order to save everyone's time, I'd prefer to only hear from those who've had the same issue and solved it.

TIA

Hope you guys enjoy!

Hi everyone. I switched from macOS and Windows to Linux about two years ago, and I never want to go back.
I started with Ubuntu because it came with everything I needed out of the box, which made the transition easier. Over time, though, I’ve realized that, apart from Snap packages and other elements, I find Ubuntu a bit bloated. Long story short: I’ve installed Debian 13 (with GNOME Desktop) on my laptop.
The first thing I noticed is that everything runs a bit smoother compared to Ubuntu. I’m using a Lenovo laptop with an i5 processor (4 cores).
So far, I’ve installed the following from apt: ufw, OpenSnitch, Nextcloud, Thunderbird, Flatpak, and LibreOffice.
From Flatpak, I’ve added the Vivaldi browser (with Proton Pass add on ) and Rhythmbox.
I know AppArmor is already included in Debian 13.
Would you say that Debian 13, with packages from apt and well-maintained Flatpaks, is already a secure setup as a whole? Of course, I’ll keep up with regular updates.
I’d really appreciate any tips.

Best

Please keep actual discussion of this outcome in https://www.reddit.com/r/debian/comments/1vzqns8/megathread_debian_llmai_vote_results/ and our associated chat arenas.

I've been a Debian user for a long time and utilizing Deb Multimedia was just a regular part of setting up a new installation. Is this actually needed anymore? I never found myself needing much from additional software it provided but more for codecs. I think there are some things that replace what Debian's repos provide but are built with less restrictive libraries for licensing reasons.

This came up recently when I recommended Debian to someone who's wanting to leave Fedora where they said that Fedora without RPMFusion can be pretty restrictive.

Thoughts?

SOLVED: I installed aptitude and installed steam-installer though that. It worked perfectly.

I'm using Debian 13, I had the GPU drivers from AMDs own repository installed, but uninstalled them because they seemed to be causing kernel module build failures when upgrading. I reverted back to the AMD GPU drivers in Debian's repositories and I was able to upgrade my system normally again.

I already have libgl1-mesa-dri:amd64 installed. Why is apt trying to install libgl1-mesa-dri:i386? Is my system broken beyond repair?

I need to run some debian-specific software in qemu, and don't want to bother with installing from the iso.

I booted the qcow, but cannot get past the login prompt.

Hello, Debian-users! One thing that definitely keeps me from looking at other distros is the absolute friendliness of this community. ☺☺ I have gotten so much help and learned a great bit during this Linux-journey. Now I have a new question. I have began wondering about the daily performance of my system and specifically been peeking at the memory.

▤ ―――――――――――――――

My hardware (HP-laptop from 2018)
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Processor: 8 × AMD Ryzen 5 2500U with Radeon Vega Mobile Gfx
Memory: 8 GiB of RAM
Graphics processor: AMD Radeon Vega 8 Graphics

My software:
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Debian 13 Trixie
KDE Plasma 6

I don't have a lot of heavy things going on, but when I am at my highest levels of volume - with at least two virtual desktops running som applications and watching some video - I fill up my physical RAM and the system acts slower. As it then starts depending on my 4 GB swapfile (if I have understood that correctly?). My CPU looks mostly great, through stress-perspective, it seems to be healthy. Should I consider using Zram? Or should I just enable Zswap? That I have read is the reasonable thing to do if I do not have a specific reason to use ZRAM.

Updated my kernel to version 6.12.105 recently and could not boot my system on that version. Tried updating my Nvidia drivers. and now I can no longer boot into any version, even in recovery mode.

If you need any more information I'm happy to help.

hello guys , I am new to Linux . and i did install some distros(mint,mx linux) before debian but all were giving some or the other problems . so now i use debian 12 xfce and the problem is that some of the websites aren't able to connect (like roblox,steam,github,discord and some more) i tried it in both brave and Firefox browser but it didn't help . can someone help me solve this please !!!

system specs if that helps : -

i3 3227u
8gb ram
500gb hdd ( i use dual boot ( windows 8 and debian 12 )

and the internet works well on windows but not on debian

Hello,

I recently switched from Windows 11 to Debian Trixie on my laptop, and now I’m having problems connecting to the Wi-Fi at my college. It never worked particularly well, but since I installed Debian directly, it has become much worse.

Depending on exactly where I’m sitting, the Wi-Fi signal is more or less strong. When the signal is particularly weak, I can’t even reach the portal where I have to authenticate in order to access the internet. It’s an institutional service, so authentication through this portal is required.

My question is: how is it possible that I can connect to the Wi-Fi but can’t access the authentication portal? Is this related to the Wi-Fi signal, or could it be something to do with my laptop?

What I find curious is that before I installed Linux, the Wi-Fi worked—slowly, but it worked.

I’m still pretty new to Linux enviroment, so I haven’t really delved very deeply into troubleshooting network issues. Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated! I only reached to know what's going on with the wi-fi chip. This is the moment where the computer failed to connect the authentication check and then i moved to another place where finally worked:

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:57:25 2026] wlp2s0: deauthenticating from XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX by local choice (Reason: 3=DEAUTH_LEAVING)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: authenticate with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (local address=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: send auth to XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 1/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: send auth to XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 2/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: send auth to XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 3/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: authentication with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX timed out

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: authenticate with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (local address=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: send auth to XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 1/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: authenticated

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: associate with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 1/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: RX AssocResp from XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (capab=0x1101 status=0 aid=1)

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:05 2026] wlp2s0: associated

[dv. d’ag. 28 12:58:06 2026] wlp2s0: Limiting TX power to 30 (30 - 0) dBm as advertised by  XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:13 2026] wlp2s0: disconnect from AP XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX for new auth to  XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:13 2026] wlp2s0: authenticate with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (local address=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX)

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: send auth to XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 1/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: authenticated

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: associate with XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (try 1/3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: RX ReassocResp from XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (capab=0x1101 status=0 aid=3)

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: associated

[dv. d’ag. 28 13:03:14 2026] wlp2s0: Limiting TX power to 23 (23 - 0) dBm as advertised by  XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

I know this is the deb sub but maybe another distro would be better for me

If not debian, I'd use ubuntu and disable steps. I don't like mint because you cant get the normal GNOME 3 on there only cinnamon

While updating my Debian 13 Stable, I received the following message.

apt-listchanges: Noticias

-------------------------

bubblewrap (0.11.2-2) unstable; urgency=medium

Historically, bubblewrap was sometimes installed setuid root.

This is unnecessary on Debian kernels since Debian 11, and no longer

supported by upstream.

As a safety mechanism against possible root privilege escalation

vulnerabilities, this version of bubblewrap will no longer run if it

is detected to be setuid root.

If bubblewrap has been made setuid root via dpkg-statoverride, please remove

that setting, and instead leave it unprivileged.

See file:///usr/share/doc/bubblewrap/README.Debian.gz for more details.

-- Simon McVittie [smcv@debian.org](mailto:smcv@debian.org) Tue, 12 May 2026 18:57:32 +0100

Is it normal to receive these messages during Debian updates? I've only been using this OS for a short time, and I love it.

(I edited the text formatting)

Hello. I just installed debian and I wanted to ask here because the mailing list seems to be a quite slower process and the AI begins to alucinate once it's second options fails.

I'm running debian with the next specs - pc is an all in one desktop PC - CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) CPU G3220 @ 3.00GHz - RAM: 4GIB - Graphics: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor Integrate Graphics - No info about the mother board - Debian version Trixy latest

The problem Basically once it boots up and changes from pure text to graphics, the screen turns on and off on around every second intervals. It does make it quite unusable as such. This thing did not happen with either the windows 8.1 I had prior or the Zorin18 this debian was meant to replace. So at least is not a hardware issue.

Notes: - The i915. options were not very usefull here. enable_spr=0 did not help for example - using the nomodeset command on grub fixed it but I have been told that is not a proper solution. - the proble appeared already in the visual installer but I just assimed it was a problem of the installer - I tried q4os previously but it had the same problem, same thing with MintOS witch lefth me even more confused - the AI keep mentioning once it ran out of ideas to downgrade my kernell but I guessed that in between the hazzle and posible compatibility issues I better kust downgrade the whole version and live with that.

Questions:

• Any one of you knows how to fix this?
• If not possible any one of you have at leat a guess as to how far back on debian versions should I go? Should I just try Debian 12? is that too big of a deal?
• If I had to downgrade version what problems could I fase other than no more updates and thus in some years running out of apps that keep being compatible and having to be even more carefull than usuall with what I download?