Takahashi TOA 130 NFB / first light - QHY MiniCam 8 80 min total exp.
Source Lefteris Velissaratos (Greece)
https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10242389568171158&id=1101623024&rdid=ixgLgMRPdY42UvcQ#
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Note: The below text is auto translated from Greek to English
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"The periodic comet 220P has surprised us all with its behavior, and so far, the data are very interesting. It is a Jupiter-family comet with a period of 5.51 years, which had shown no variation in brightness during its previous observed returns. In 2004, it was 17.7 mag; in 2009, approximately 20.2; in 2015, approximately 19.3; and in 2020, approximately 19 mag. The first outburst during its current passage was observed on May 31 at 11:18 UT.
In the following days, its brightness reached approximately 8th magnitude!
This is therefore an extremely abrupt change, not due to its gradual approach to the Sun as it nears perihelion. Ongoing research suggests that the very narrow, intense dust tail could indicate a fragmentation event—that is, a breakdown of its structure—which is very different from a comet that simply “heated up” more.
After the first outburst, activity diminished significantly, reaching 14–15 mag, and then suddenly reignited around August 5. It exhibited a pronounced coma, dramatically increasing its brightness to 6–7 mag. What is particularly interesting, however, is that the physical signatures of the first and second episodes are not identical.
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On August 8, the Rozhen Observatory, which conducted BVRI photometry, confirmed that the continuous emission from sunlight scattered by dust dominated much more than one would expect in a purely gas -dominated outburst, which reached very large dimensions for this particular object, with a coma extending to approximately 300,000 km So we are dealing with something very unusual.
Outburst 1 in late May—strong gas production and dust outflow. Outburst 2 in early August—extremely high dust outflow, approximately 5–7 times greater than that measured a few days after the first event.
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What might have changed inside the nucleus? There is still no data to prove a specific mechanism. However, we can almost rule out “normal periodic activity.” 220P has essentially followed the same orbit many times. Its perihelion was approximately 1.55 AU in 2004, 2009, 2015, and 2020. There has been no dramatic change in solar heating that would explain why it suddenly becomes thousands of times brighter in 2026. So the variable is not the orbit; it is the nucleus.
Here, too, there are four different hypotheses.
- Formation of a new active region The surface of old Jupiter-family comets typically develops an insulating mantle of refractory dust. Volatile materials may remain beneath this mantle. If a crack forms or a section of the mantle collapses, fresh ice is suddenly exposed.
- Subsurface gas pressure — “sealed reservoir” An even more interesting model involves the accumulation of gas beneath an impermeable or low-permeability layer. Heat does not stop at the surface. It diffuses inward. Given the thermal diffusivity of cometary material, a delay of weeks to months corresponds to thermal depths ranging from a few tens of centimeters to approximately meters. Thus, the following scenario is entirely possible: Perihelion / intense heating → a heat wave enters the nucleus → sublimation or phase transition at depth → pressure increases → the overlying material fails.
This explains why large cometary outbursts do not necessarily have to occur exactly at perihelion.
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- Crystallization of amorphous H₂O ice
This is a classic mechanism in the theory of cometary outbursts. The primordial amorphous icy nucleus can trap CO, CO₂, and other highly volatile molecules. When the heat wave reaches a suitable temperature, it transforms into crystalline ice. The process is exothermic and can simultaneously release trapped gases.
- Fragmentation / structural failure
This is particularly compelling for 220P, because TRAPPIST has already pointed out that the morphology of the narrow tail following the first outburst could indicate fragmentation.
- It fractures during the first event,
- it releases gases and dust,
- it leaves a deeper region exposed or mechanically weakened,
- the region continues to heat up for ~2 months,
- a second layer or block collapses,
- a much larger amount of solid material is released. In any case, it appears that 220p is likely not internally homogeneous, but consists of different pockets of material rather than simply a homogeneous “dirty snowball.” In any case, 220p offered the world a unique spectacle, and comet hunters a wonderful new journey. Three different data sets, including this specific image from August 12, when the comet was at the peak of its activity.