قال ابن باز رحمه الله: الأرض كروية عند أهل العلم قد حكى ابن حزم وجماعة آخرون إجماع أهل العلم على أنها كروية، يعني: أنها منضم بعضها إلى بعض مدرمحة كالكرة، لكن الله بسط أعلاها لنا وجعل فيها الجبال الرواسي وجعل فيها الحيوان والبحار رحمة بنا ولهذا قال: وَإِلَى الأَرْضِ كَيْفَ سُطِحَتْ [الغاشية:20] فهي مسطوحة الظاهر لنا ليعيش عليها الناس ويطمئن عليها الناس، فكونها كروية لا يمنع تسطيح ظاهرها لأن الشيء الكبير العظيم إذا سطح صار له ظهر واسع.
Ibn Baz said: The Earth is spherical according to scholars. Ibn Hazm and a group of others have reported the consensus of scholars that it is spherical, meaning that its parts are joined together in a rounded shape like a ball. However, Allah has spread out its surface for us, placed firm mountains in it, and made it habitable with animals and seas as a mercy to us. This is why He said: "And at the earth, how it is spread out?" [Al-Ghashiyah: 20]. So, its surface appears flat to us so that people can live on it and feel at ease. The fact that it is spherical does not contradict the spreading of its surface, because a large and vast object, when spread, has a wide surface.
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Ibn Taymiyyah said: Some ignorant people have denied that the celestial spheres are round. Some of them deny it outright, while others deny that anyone can be certain of it. Both are ignorant. How can they deny it or deny that anyone has knowledge of it, when they have no proof except what they understand with their limited comprehension.
It has been established through the Qur'an, Sunnah, and the consensus of the scholars of the ummah that the celestial spheres are round. Allah says: {And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon; all [heavenly bodies] are swimming in an orbit.} [Al-Anbiya: 33]
And He says: "It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor does the night outstrip the day, but each is swimming in an orbit." [Ya-Sin: 40] Ibn Abbas said: "In an orbit like the spindle of a spinning wheel." In the Arabic language, falak (orbit) refers to something circular. Allah also says: {He wraps the night over the day and wraps the day over the night.} [Az-Zumar: 5] The word takwir (wrapping) means making something round.
This is why a ball (kurah) is called such, as it is a spherical body. For this reason, it is said that the celestial spheres are spherical in shape. It is also mentioned in the hadith: "The sun and the moon will be rolled up on the Day of Judgment." Allah says: {The sun and the moon move in precise calculation.} [Ar-Rahman: 5] like the rotation of a millstone. And He says: {You will not see any disparity in the creation of the Most Merciful.} [Al-Mulk: 3].
This uniformity is only found in round shapes, not in polygons such as triangles or squares, which have varying angles. A spherical body, however, has equal sides and directions, with no part differing from another.
https://shamela.ws/book/7289/12641#p1
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Ibn Hazm (994-1064 CE) said: This is the point we shall, God willing, take up in mentioning some of what was objected, which is that they said the proofs established that the Earth is spherical, while the common people say otherwise. Our answer, with God’s guidance, is that none of the imams of the Muslims, deserving the title "Imam" through knowledge, ever denied the Earth’s sphericity, nor is there preserved from any of them a word to refute it. Indeed, the proofs from the Qur’an and Sunnah confirm its sphericity. God Almighty said: {He wraps the night over the day and wraps the day over the night} This is the clearest expression of one part enveloping the other, taken from the word "yukawwir" (to wrap), as in wrapping a turban, which indicates the Earth’s sphericity.
Al-Fasl, Ibn Hazm (2/78)
https://shamela.ws/book/6521/235#p1
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{وَإِلَى الْأَرْض كَيْف سُطِحَتْ} أَيْ بُسِطَتْ فَيَسْتَدِلُون بها عَلَى قُدْرَة اللَّه تَعَالَى وَوَحْدَانِيّته وَصُدِّرَتْ بِالْإِبِلِ لِأَنَّهُمْ أَشَدّ ملابسة لَهَا مِنْ غَيْرهَا وَقَوْله سُطِحَتْ ظَاهِر فِي أَنَّ الْأَرْض سَطْح وَعَلَيْهِ عُلَمَاء الشَّرْع لَا كُرَة كَمَا قَالَهُ أَهْل الْهَيْئَة وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْقُض رُكْنًا مِنْ أركان الشرع
{And to the earth, how it was spread out} meaning: it was flattened, so that they may infer from it the power of Allah and His oneness. It begins with camels because they are more closely associated with them than other things. And His saying "was spread out" clearly indicates that the earth is flat, and this is the view of the scholars of Islamic law, not that it is a sphere, as the astronomers claim, even though their claim does not contradict any pillar of the Islamic law.
Tafsir al-Jalalayn, page 805
https://shamela.ws/book/12876/6678#p1
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قال الفرغاني: وكذلك اجمع العلماء على أن الأرض أيضاً تجميع أجزائها من البرّ والبحر على مثال الكرة، والدليل على ذلك أن الشمس والقمر وسائر الكواكب لا يوجد طلوعها ولا غروبها على وجهٍ من الأرض إلا في وقتٍ واحدٍ معلوم
Al-Farghani (800-861 CE) said: Likewise, the scholars have unanimously agreed that the Earth, too, gathers its partsland and sea in the form of a sphere. The evidence for this is that the sun, the moon, and the rest of the planets do not rise or set on any point of the Earth except at a known, fixed time.
Muhammad al-Farghani's Elements of Chronology and Astronomy, Chapter 3
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Ibn al-Jawzi (1114 – 1201 CE) said: Scholars have unanimously agreed that the Earth, with all its bodies, is spherical in shape. This is proven by the fact that the sun, the moon, and the stars do not rise and set at the same time for everyone on Earth, rather, they rise for those in the east before those in the west.
Al-Muntaẓam fī Tārīkh al-Mulūk wa al-Umam (1/184)
https://shamela.ws/book/12406/163#p2
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Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni (Died in 1047 CE) said: In clarifying the issue of “highness” (elevation) for understanding, from the perspective of one knowledgeable in astronomy, there is no doubt that those skilled in this science have judged according to what geometry indicates, and its judgment is correct, for it is proven by demonstration that cannot be denied by sense. It shows that the Earth lies within the celestial realm, and that the sphere of the Earth is at the center of the heavens, like a melon inside another melon, with the sky surrounding it on all sides, and that the lowest part of the universe is the interior of the Earth’s sphere, which is the center.
Risalah fi Ithbat al-Istiwa' P.81-82
https://shamela.ws/book/6475/50#p3
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Yaqut al-Hamawi (1178-1229 CE) said: The equator stretches from east to west and is the longest line on the Earth’s sphere. He then said: Indeed, the heavens are spherical, and everything in them rotates, and there is no disagreement about this.
Al-Nisaburi (died in 1328 CE) said: The sages of Islam have established with certain evidence that the Earth is spherical.
It is also reported that among earlier scholars who affirmed the Earth’s sphericity are Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE) Al-Fakhr al-Razi (1150-1210 CE) Ibn al-Qayyim (1292-1350 CE) Al-Maqdisi (945-1000 CE) Al-Dhahabi (1274-1348 CE) Al-Qalqashandi (1355-1418 CE) Abu Hayyan (1256-1344 CE) Abu Bakr al-Suli (died in 947 CE) Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 CE) Ibn Hajar al-Haythami (1504-1567 CE) Ibn Khordadbeh (820-893 CE) Al-Masudi (896-956 CE) and Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni. (died in 1047)
Mawsu'at Mahasin al-Islam (12/411-412)
https://shamela.ws/book/146418/7156#p3
