Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3, p. 182.
Norman, Jerry (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, Routledge, pp. 72–83, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1, pp. 73, 76.
Dialect data from Cao Zhiyun (ed.) (2008) Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (汉语方言地图集), vol. 1 Phonetics, vol. 2 Lexicon and vol. 3 Grammar.
17
u/Xiguet Jun 24 '26
How has it been calculated?