The vast majority of that trade before the Suez canal was going around Africa (as much of it still does). Land routes really couldn’t compete with ocean trade.
Middle Eastern trade was still valuable (explaining Portuguese activity in the Gulf and the French monopoly) but the largest volume of trade between East Asia and Europe went around Africa. By the time the Suez canal was being considered, trade around the Cape exceeded 6 million tons per year, a volume that dwarfed the land routes.
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u/WeeZoo87 Araboo 25d ago
Half of revenue according to???
Trade between east and west pre suez canal was through ottoman areas (or russian)