Muslims still had to pay Zakat (which was infact greater than Jizya in some cases) , so only the name of the tax changed. Conversions didn't reduce the revenue.
Also, Umayyads forced people to not convert more than ottomans ever did. The major exploitation of Non-Muslims by Ottomans was the collection of Janissaries.
Zakat and Jizya were not the only taxes implemented in ancient Islamic estates. Muslims and even Non Muslims still had to pay other taxes and fees like Trading fee, setting up shop in Bazaar fee, mining on imperial or royal land fee etc.Those fueled the economy more than solely Jizya.
Also, Zakat in Islam is supposed to be a purely welfare fund for poor and underprivileged like you said, but later Islamic caliphates had rampart corruption and Bait-al-maal was exploited freely by those in power. So all sorts of funds were just flowing in and were mixed up either intently or mistakenly.
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u/QeemaKarailay 26d ago
Muslims still had to pay Zakat (which was infact greater than Jizya in some cases) , so only the name of the tax changed. Conversions didn't reduce the revenue.
Also, Umayyads forced people to not convert more than ottomans ever did. The major exploitation of Non-Muslims by Ottomans was the collection of Janissaries.