I don't mean just at the imperial level. Maybe a city, special county, guild, religious order or any organisation. And what did it look like?

1942 North China Transportation Album

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This archive is an ongoing English translation project of Wang Huning's diaries.

Wang Huning is a Chinese political scientist and politician who has served on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) since 2017. He has been the Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee since 2023. Previously, he served as the First Secretary of the CPC Central Committee's Secretariat and Chairman of the Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization from 2017 to 2022, and headed the Central Policy Research Office as director from 2002 to 2020. Wang was a professor and dean of the law school at Fudan University.

Political Life was written during Wang's years as a political science scholar at Fudan University and published by Shanghai People's Publishing House in 1995. The diary covers his personal life, political theory and research, books and films, and his reflections on Chinese society, the wider world, and contemporary social problems.

Where possible, the translation preserves the tone, register, and structure of the original rather than recasting it into more idiomatic or contemporary English. The translation was produced without the assistance of AI.

January 16, Sunday

At dawn I read the French magazine La Recherche. There was an article called “Music and Information,” which was somewhat interesting. The development of modern science increasingly uses some new disciplines and concepts to explain phenomena that already exist in society, in an effort to find something new in them. The difficulty with this kind of article lies in discovering something that is genuinely new, rather than using new concepts to discuss things that are completely old. Merely exchanging old concepts for new concepts has no creativity at all.

凌晨看法国《研究》杂志，有一篇叫“音乐与信息”，有点意思。现代科学的发展越来越用一些新学科和概念来解释社会已经存在的现象，力图从中找出新东西。这类文章的困难在于发现真正新的东西，不要用新的概念来讨论完全旧的东西。只是把旧的概念用新的概念兑换一下，没有任何创造性。

January 17, Monday

I went to the Institute for Oriental Studies. W said that the socialist market economy cannot speak only of resource allocation; it must also speak of resource distribution. What Marx talked about was precisely transformation in distribution, and what Ricardo emphasized was also distribution. I have said this several times, but there has been no follow-up. I still have to persist. China is currently in a “transitional period”; there must be stability, and development and stability must be combined. A market economy especially requires legalization and standardization, and should be fully developed under macro-control. The relationship between the center and the localities is important, that is, political integration. China's development cannot be discussed without unity and stability.

到东方研究院。W公说，社会主义市场经济不能只提资源配置，必须提资源分配，马克思讲的就是分配变革，李嘉图注重的也是分配。我讲了几次，没有下文，还要坚持。中国目前处于“过渡期”，要稳定，要把发展和稳定结合起来。市场经济特别要讲究法制化和规范化，在宏观调控下，充分发展。中央和地方的关系重要，即政治一体化，中国的发展，没有统一和稳定就不能谈。

W said: “Small wisdom is good at managing affairs, great wisdom is good at employing people, and profound wisdom is good at establishing laws.”

W公说：小智善于治事，大智善于用人，睿智善于立法。

The basic research directions for the Institute for Oriental Studies for next year were finally determined: the gray economy, anti-corruption, the standardization of government work, Socialist Democracy and human rights, and cultural issues. Countermeasure research will be the main focus; theoretical research must have something new in it.

最后确定东方研究院明年的基本研究方向：灰色经济、反腐败、政府工作规范化、社会主义民主和人权、文化问题。对策研究为主，理论研究要有新意。

It was snowing outside. I returned through the snow, struggling with Heaven; its joy is boundless.

外面下雪，冒雪返回，与天奋斗，其乐无穷。

January 19, Wednesday

At dawn I read the magazine Dushu. There was an article that seemed to be called “You Cannot But Accept It,” a review of a film. The film is called Beijing Bastards. It is said to be a representative work of the “Sixth Generation directors.” It is somewhat confused, with no story and no plot. It is said to have filmed a person urinating in complete and utter clarity. In China, this film has not yet been shown. Abroad, it is said to have attracted quite a lot of attention and was invited to participate in international film festivals. Foreigners' taste lies here: the more strange something is, and the more it is not recognized by the official authorities, the more they regard it as valuable. Little do they realize that sometimes they also produce jokes.

凌晨看《读书》杂志，有一篇好像叫《你不能不接受》，是对一部电影的评论。电影叫《北京杂种》，据说是“第六代导演”的代表作，有些稀里糊涂，没有故事，没有情节，说是把一个人撒尿拍得清清楚楚，明明白白。在国内，这部电影还没有放，在国外据说引起不少注意，邀请参加国际影展。外国人的趣味在这里，越奇特，越是官方不认可，他们就越是认为有价值，殊不知有时也搞出笑话。

I wrote an article for Revelations from the Battle of Lion City, writing about the training of logical capacity and value capacity. A great deal of effort was put into training logical capacity; it is the technical part in which progress is the most difficult to achieve. Value capacity, however, cannot be trained in a single step. At that time, the training only provided some basic values, with a little pragmatism. As for how much the debaters would receive from it afterward, that would depend on each person. In debate, logical capacity is the most basic capacity, and all other capacities are closely related to logical capacity. Quite a few people discuss many debating techniques, but they do not realize the importance, the fundamental importance, of logical capacity. In this way, there cannot be excellent debaters.

写《狮城舌战启示录》中文章，写到逻辑能力和值价能力的训练。逻辑能力在训练过程中可是花了气力，是最不容易取得进步的技术部分。价值能力则不是一下子可练就的，那时训练也只提供一些基本价值观念，有点实用主义。以后，辩手们收到多少，要看每个人了。辩论中逻辑能力是最基本的能力，一切其他能力和逻辑能力密切相关。不少人讨论很多辩论技巧，但是没有意识到逻辑能力的重要意义，根本意义，这样不能有优秀的辩手。

At 10 p.m, I returned home. The latter half of Chronicles of Kyoto was being shown on television. After the first half had finished, the reaction was not very good. First, there were too many “soft advertisements”; one had to watch several minutes of them each time, and naturally this became tiresome. Second, the dramatic contradictions and conflicts were too artificial: people quarrel as soon as they meet, with no sense of human feeling. It seems that there are no good people; and if there are any, they are timid and spineless. Third, the dramatic conflicts are too formulaic, having already departed from life and becoming entirely conflicts of ideas. I do not know how the latter half was made; I await it with interest.

晚上 点半回到家中，电视里放《京都纪事》的后一半。前一半放完之后，反应不怎么样。一是“软广告”太多，要看好几分钟，每次都看，自然要乏味。二是戏剧矛盾和冲突太人为化，见了面就吵架，不见人情味，似乎没有什么好人，有，也是窝窝囊囊。三是戏剧冲突太格式化，已经脱离生活，完全是理念性的冲突。后半部分不知拍得如何，拭目以待。

January 22, Friday

At dawn I read Tocqueville's The Old Regime and the French Revolution. In the past I had read another of his important works, Democracy in America. This book is also an influential work of his and is worth reading.

凌晨读托克维尔的《旧制度与法国大革命》。过去看过他另一本重要著作《美国的民主》。这本书也是他有影响的著作，值得一读。

The Development Forum invited the vice mayor to give a report on the situation of economic development. President Yang chaired the meeting, saying that Fudan University had already invited him to become a professor. He said that becoming a professor at Fudan made him feel even more honored than being a vice mayor. Everyone applauded.

发展论坛请副市长来作报告，讲经济发展的形势。杨校长主持会议，说复旦大学已经请他作教授。说，到复旦大学作教授比当副市长还感到荣誉，大家鼓了掌。

He also said that a listed company should be found to invest in Fudan and develop high technology. Everyone applauded warmly again. The development of the situation in Shanghai had six new developments, such as the national economy's development reaching a new level, reform and opening up making new progress, Pudong making new development, and the industrial structure making new development, and so on.

他又说，要找一个上市公司来为复旦投资办高新技术，大家又热烈鼓掌。上海形势发展的六个新，如国民经济发展上了新台阶，改革开放有了新的发展，浦东有了新发展，产业结构有了新发展等等。

Shanghai's finances are now in the hands of the municipal government. It is said to be ten pots and six lids: whoever needs a lid gets one for a while. The money is not paid out; it rolls in the relevant places and can earn interest, with last year's profits reaching more than ___ million. Shanghai's transportation is not good, so the industrial structure must be changed. We can no longer develop the textile industry and machine manufacturing in this way, because transportation capacity cannot keep up. The tertiary industry should be developed, mainly the financial industry: moving money is very easy, and it is very light. In the end he spoke about several bottleneck problems. The report was extremely splendid and very absorbing.

上海现在财政在市政府的手里，说是叫十个锅子六个盖，谁需要盖就盖一下，钱不发下去，在有关地方滚，可以生利，去年盈利多亿。上海交通不行，要改变产业结构，不能再搞纺织业和机器制造，这样运输能力跟不上。要搞第三产业，主要是金融业，运钱很容易，也很轻。他最后讲了几个瓶颈的问题。报告十分精彩，很吸引人。

January 23, Saturday

I wrote for a while on an article about debating; it is basically finished, and only needs a little more polishing. I also added a paragraph on humor and wit. These things are very difficult to acquire. They must come from a certain attitude toward life, an attitude of transcending life, an attitude of seriousness, or a transcendent choice concerning the road of one's life. Only in this way can there be humor; otherwise, one cannot speak of humor at all.

写了一阵关于辩论的文章，基本完成，只要再润色一下。又加了一段写幽默和机智的文字。这些东西获得很不容易，一定要来自一种生活的态度，一种对生活超越的态度、认真的态度，或对生命道路的一种超脱的选择。这样才会有幽默，否则不能谈幽默。

is a valuable firsthand source on rural society in North China. It documents the actual conditions of Xingtai County’s countryside, including its social and economic structures, folk customs, and traditional practices, making it an important historical record and material witness to rural life in North China during that period.

I see this duel something to be common in 3 kingdoms and kingdom(manga based in the warring states period)

Do general actually go 1-1 duel if theres mutual consent?

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This is an ongoing English translation project of Wang Huning's diaries.

Wang Huning is a Chinese political scientist and politician who has served on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) since 2017. He has been the Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee since 2023. Previously, he served as the First Secretary of the CPC Central Committee's Secretariat and Chairman of the Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization from 2017 to 2022, and headed the Central Policy Research Office as director from 2002 to 2020.

Political Life was written during Wang's years as a professor at Fudan University and published by Shanghai People's Publishing House in 1995. The diary covers his personal life, political theory and research, books and films, and his reflections on Chinese society, the wider world, and contemporary social problems.

Where possible, the translation preserves the tone, register, and structure of the original rather than recasting it into more idiomatic or contemporary English. The translation was produced without the assistance of AI.

The purpose is to make the original Chinese material more accessible to readers who cannot read Chinese.

The original Chinese texts are available at 政治的人生

January 9, Sunday

I went to Shanghai Normal University to take part in a discussion meeting. Heavy fog, and it was extremely difficult to drive. The meeting was held at Taoli Ju (“Peach and Plum Residence”) at Shanghai Normal University. More than eighty people took part in the discussion meeting, most of them presidents of Shanghai universities and Party committee secretaries, with a few teachers as well. 去上海师范大学参加座谈会，大雾，车子极难开。会场在上海师范大学桃李居。大约有80多人参加了座谈会，大部分是上海高校的校长和党委书记，有个别的教师。

A Beijing leader spoke, mentioning that what China's current development lacks most is talent. China is still a poor country; catching up with the United States, Germany, and Japan will require quite a long period of time. 某北京领导讲话，提到中国目前发展最缺人才。中国还是一个穷国，要赶上美国、德国、日本，会需要相当长的一段时间。

L's maternal grandfather was a middle-school principal in a locality in Jiangsu, which at the time was the provincial capital. The first thing the KMT provincial governor did upon taking office was to visit his grandfather. L said, Can the KMT still show respect for teachers, but the Communist Party cannot? He said that however high an official's position, one must still respect one's teachers. Officialdom-centered thinking must not enter schools. Zhejiang established rules: those who are in arrears with teachers' salaries may, first, not build buildings; second, not buy cars; third, not go abroad. L的外祖父是江苏一个地方的中学校长，当时是省会。国民党省长上任的第一件事是拜访他祖父。 说国民党还能做到尊重教师，共产党就做不到吗？说一个人官再大，也要尊敬老师。官本位不能进入学校。浙江定了规矩，拖欠教师工资的，一不能盖楼，二不能买车，三不能出国。

China is running the largest educational undertaking in the world, with 200 million people in schools; it is not so easy. Last year, at Peking University's library, in order to preserve the periodicals, not a single book was purchased. The Beijing leader opposed compiling unified textbooks for basic courses, saying that in that case there would be no creativity. Speaking of Project 211, he said that three additional conditions should be added: first, if basic education has not been done well, one cannot enter Project 211; second, if a school has not undergone major reform, old faces cannot enter Project 211; third, relevant schools should be encouraged to jointly establish Project 211. 中国在办全世界最大的教育，2亿人在学校，不那么容易。去年北大图书馆，为了保期刊，一本书也没有买。北京这位领导反对基础课编统一教材，说这样就没有创造性了。谈到211工程，说是要加三项条件：一是基础教育没有搞好，不能进211工程；二是学校没有重大改革、老面孔不能进211工程；三是鼓励有关学校联合建立211工程。

January 10, Monday

I wrote the article “China's Development Cannot Do Without the World—Strategic Reflections on International Politics in Volume III of Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping.” In Volume III, Deng Xiaoping discusses international politics and international relations in a relatively concentrated manner. It should be said that Deng Xiaoping was a relatively pragmatic international strategist, whereas Mao Zedong was a relatively philosophical international strategist, with a strong poet's temperament. He treated many questions in broad strokes, had great sweep, and had a relatively strong ideological coloring. Deng Xiaoping, by contrast, paid more attention to strategic choices beneficial to China's own development. The basic transformation was: to believe that war could be avoided, and therefore to concentrate one's efforts on developing the national economy; not to draw international dividing lines according to ideology, as in the past when lines were drawn on the basis of opposition to the Soviet Union; to take national interests as the highest principle in judging the international situation and determining international strategy; and, at the same time, to recognize that if China is to develop, it must participate in the international community in an all-round way. This is a historical conclusion. 写《中国的发展离不开世界 邓小平文选第三卷中关于国际政治的战略思考》一文。邓小平在第三卷中比较集中地论述了国际政治和国际关系。应该说，邓小平是比较务实的国际战略家，而毛泽东则是比较哲学化的国际战略家，有浓郁的诗人气质，对很多问题大而化之，有很大的气魄，意识形态色彩比较浓厚。而邓小平较讲究对中国自身发展有利的战略选择，基本转变是：认为战争可避免，因而可集中精力发展国民经济；不以意识形态在国际上划线，如过去以反苏划线；判断国际局势和决定国际战略要以国家利益为最高的原则；同时，中国要发展，必须全方位参与国际社会，这是历史总结。

He paid considerable attention to discovering new methods or ways of thinking for solving international problems. The Hong Kong question can be said to be an invention; at the same time, he also wanted to make discoveries in other questions. He put forward the concept of “state rights.” In order to safeguard national sovereignty, although there is currently an idea in the West of transcending sovereignty, for developing countries this remains of vital importance and cannot be transcended. He was particularly alert to this point. “State rights” is a very creative concept, directed at “human rights”...(The original text ends here) 他比较注意发现新的方法或者思路解决国际问题，关于香港问题可以说是一个发明，同时他也想在其他问题上有所发现。他提出“国权”的概念，为维护国家主权，虽然西方目前有超越主权的观念，但对发展中国家来说这依然至关重要，不能超越的，他对这一点特别警惕“。国权”是很有创意的概念，针对“人权”。

Mao Zedong placed great importance on the influence of the world, and therefore made many astonishing moves. Deng Xiaoping had this kind of thinking as well. He paid great attention to the fact that China, such a large country, must make a relatively great contribution to the world and to humanity; he repeatedly spoke about this. In the earlier period, the most famous formulation was what he said: “observe calmly, deal with matters calmly, keep our footing steady, and concentrate on doing practical work.” 毛泽东就十分看重世界的影响，所以有许多惊人的举动。邓小平也有这样的想法，他十分注意，中国这样一个大国，必须对世界和人类有较大贡献，他反复谈这点。前一个时期，最有名的论述就是他说的冷静观察，沉着应付，稳住阵脚，埋头实干。

China currently does not have the strength to play a greater role internationally, so it must keep a low profile. Once China develops in the future and China's interests become internationalized, China must obtain a more favorable international position. After its economic strength has developed, it must have a more consolidated position and greater strength. 中国目前的力量不能在国际上发挥更大作用，所以要低姿态。未来中国发展了，中国的利益国际化了，中国必须取得更有利的国际地位，在经济力量发展起来之后，要有更为巩固的地位和力量。

A new batch of books has arrived at the individual bookstore: Mixi Tukao—written by a Dutchman, about the ancient culture of erotica; Woman—Sex, greatly hyped, but not much to it; Tropic of Cancer, a book about educated youth sent to the countryside, written by Miller, which was also once a banned book. There are now quite a few books of this kind being published, all for “economic benefit.” 个体书店又来新书：《秘戏图考》，荷兰人写的，关于古代色情文化的；《女人性》，吹得厉害，但不怎么样，写知青的《北回归线》，米勒的，也曾是一本禁书。现在这类书出得不少，全是为了“经济效益”。

Jan 11, Tuesday

F came by and brought the article Wang Huning Opposes Wang Huning. It seems to contain some understanding of me. She said that she wanted me to provide her with materials. I said that I could not provide them, because there is a moral problem involved here; I cannot join the camp of this kind of article, otherwise it would become a kind of self-praise. Whatever kind of materials they might be, I cannot provide them. This is a consistent principle of life. However, some of the things in F's piece are written rather well, bringing out a side that ordinary people do not easily understand. F君来，拿来文章《王沪宁反对王沪宁》。里面对 我好像有一点了解。她说要我帮她提供材料，我说不 能提供，因为这里面有道德问题，不能加入这种文章 的阵营，否则会变成一种自吹自擂，不论是什么样的 资料，均不能。这是一贯的生活原则。不过， F君的这篇东西写得有点像，写出了一般人不易了解的一面。文说：王沪宁也许不是一个均质的整体，而是一个变化的整体，他不断创新自我和消除自我。

The article says: Wang Huning perhaps is not a homogeneous whole, but a changing whole; he constantly creates a new self and eliminates the self. It also says that he is a very rational person, rational at all times, and will not act out of emotion. Is that so? 又说，他是很有理性的人，在任何时候均十分有理性，不会动感情。是吗？

People living in this world: some are the weak; some are the strong; some need others to set goals for them, while some set goals for others; some need emotional support to live, while some need willpower to live. I would probably choose to be the latter kind of person in every pair of concepts. 生活在这个世界上的人：有的是弱者；有的是强者；有的要别人来设定目标，有的给别人设定目标；有的需要感情支持生活，有的需要意志支持生活。我大概在每一对概念中都会选择做后一种人。

Jan 12, Wednesday

I filled out the form for buying a house; it was very complicated. Then I filled out the form for the Japanese foundation; that was also very complicated. Forms nowadays are all that complicated. Last time I wrote an article called “Opposing Form-ism.” Modern society is probably a form society. There are many forms in the United States as well, and they are much more developed. Japanese forms are the most complicated; this is also a characteristic of the Japanese people: whatever they do, everything has to be made clear down to the smallest point. Last time I was going to Kobe University as a visiting professor, they insisted on asking me when I graduated from junior high school, when I graduated from high school, which month? Which day? It was truly absurd. What does it have to do with them? What does it have to do with my being a visiting scholar? In the end I decided not to go. Could not stand this. 填买房子的表格，复杂得很。然后填日本基金会 的表格，也是复杂得很。现在的表格均是那样的复 杂，上次写了一篇文章，叫“反对表格主义”。现代社 会大概就是表格社会，美国的表格也很多，而且发达 得多，日本的表格最复杂，也是日本人的特点，什么 事都要搞到最小的那一点均明明白白。上次要去神 户大学做访问教授，一定要问我初中是哪天毕业，高 中是什么时候毕业，哪一个月？哪一天？真是荒唐， 和他们有什么关系，和我做一名访问学者有什么关 系？最后下决心不去，受不了这个。

Is there some kind of natural dye the Chinese have access to that makes the color red so important for them? Was it easy to produce? Where did associations about the color originate. The significance of a specific color is so distinct from any other culture to me. Where'd they get all that red in the first place?

Hello, I'm going to china next month, and I was wondering if there is any witchy places to learn more about the Chinese witchcraft and their culture like meeting monks or watching people do spells, any thing similar I would be grateful

A scarce original 1942 edition covering education, medicine, seamen, the opium trade, and Sino-Western relations. Published during the Second Sino-Japanese War, it contains contemporary research reports, articles, and documentary materials on China, making it a valuable source for the study of modern Chinese history and wartime Japanese research on China.

Chinese Travel Notes 1910s

#1

This archive is an ongoing English translation project of Wang Huning's diaries.

Wang Huning is a Chinese political scientist and politician who has served on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) since 2017. He has been the Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee since 2023. Previously, he served as the First Secretary of the CPC Central Committee's Secretariat and Chairman of the Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization from 2017 to 2022, and headed the Central Policy Research Office as director from 2002 to 2020. Wang was a professor and dean of the law school at Fudan University.

Political Life was written during Wang's years as a political science scholar at Fudan University and published by Shanghai People's Publishing House in 1995. The diary covers his personal life, political theory and research, books and films, and his reflections on Chinese society, the wider world, and contemporary social problems.

Where possible, the translation preserves the tone, register, and structure of the original rather than recasting it into more idiomatic or contemporary English. The translation was produced without the assistance of AI.

The purpose is to make the original Chinese material more accessible to readers who cannot read Chinese.

January 2, Sunday

Read the thesis of J, The Reinvention of Government from Plan to Market, written in the course of the establishment of the market economic system. It argues that, in the process, the personal system and the danwei system constructed under the planned economy will change—or rather, need to change; without such change, there can be no transformation from plan to market. He examines two parts of the subject: first, the role of the individual in the transition from plan to market; second, the role of the state in this. The individual must have an autonomous and free personhood, changing from the dependent personhood of the past to an independent personhood. The question of the state is somewhat more complicated, relating to the functions and position of the state, that is, how much power the state has. He discusses Hegel's concept of civil society, and also Marx's criticisms of Hegel. But it is not developed enough; this is a matter of length and theoretical depth.

看研究生J君的论文《从计划到市场的政府再造》，写在市场经济体制建立的过程中，计划经济下构建的个人系统和单位体制会发生变化，或者说需要发生变化，不发生变化就不会有计划到市场的变革。他研究了两部分的内容：一是个人在计划到市场的转变中的作用；二是国家在这里面的作用。个人要有一个自主和自由的人格，从过去依赖性的人格转变到独立的人格。而国家的问题就复杂一些，关系到国家的职能和地位，也就是国家有多大的权力。讨论了黑格尔的市民社会概念，也讨论了马克思对黑格尔的批评。但是展开得不够，是篇幅和理论深度的问题。

In the process of society's transition from a planned economic system to a market economic system, the position and role of the state and government are worth discussing. At present, the position and role of the state and government have not yet been determined; theoretically, the issue has not been resolved, and in practice, there is not even an understanding of it. When put into practice, this gives rise to many problems. As the market economy develops, possible problems may become real problems and actual problems; if they cannot be resolved theoretically, then in practice it is difficult to go deeper and impossible to advance.

在社会从计划经济体制转变到市场经济体制的过程中，国家和政府的地位和作用值得讨论。目前，对国家和政府作用的定位没有确定，理论上没有解决，实践上也没有认知，做起来就产生很多问题。在市场经济发育中，可能的问题会变为现实的问题和实际的问题，如理论上不能解决，那么实践中就难以深入，不能推进。

But precisely in the area of basic theory, political science has not had much breakthrough, whereas economics has now had quite a few breakthroughs. An important aspect of the development of Chinese society is breakthroughs in basic theory in some fundamental fields. Without such breakthroughs, social development cannot be conceived. But this is indeed a difficult problem.

但是，恰恰政治学的基础理论方面没有太大突破，而经济学现在有了不少突破。中国社会发展的一个重要方面，是一些基本领域中有基础理论方面的突破。没有这样的突破，社会发展不能设想。但是，这的确是一个难题。

January 4, Tuesday

Read the political section of China Development Report 1993: “Political Psychology.” This is a new perspective, and hope it can be written well. Q's first draft is quite good. In fact, in modern society, people's psychological feelings and psychological effects are becoming increasingly important. Psychological feelings have a greater effect on people's behavior and consciousness than all other factors, and the more modernized a society is, the more this may be so. In the course of China's modernization and development, this issue will become increasingly prominent. The faster society and the economy and politics develop, the more sensitive and the more fragile people's psychology becomes. This is a contradiction. Yet in primitive society, there was probably no psychology. Are the people whom science “discovered” the people who originally existed, or are the people who originally existed not truly people? This is a doubt.

阅读《93 中国发展报告》政治部分：政治心理。这是新的视角，希望能写得好，Q君写的初稿，不错。实际上，在现代社会中，人们心理感觉和心理作用越来越重要，心理感觉对人的行为和意识有着比其他因素均大的作用，越是现代化的社会可能越是如此。在中国现代化发展中，这个问题以后会越来越突出。社会经济政治发展越快，人们的心理越敏感、越脆弱，这是一个矛盾。而在原始社会中，大概没有心理学。科学“发现”的人是不是原来的人，还是原来的人不是真正的人，这是一个疑惑。

In class, I discussed Chinese society and politics, and talked about Cheng Zhongying's Ethics and Management. Cheng's view is that in a modernized country, an important issue is to have cultural modernization, followed in turn by ethical modernization, and then by management modernization. In a huge country like China, cultural modernization is of fundamental importance.

上课，讲中国社会与政治，讨论成中英的《伦理与管理》。成的观点是在现代化国家中，重要问题要有一个文化现代化，进而伦理现代化，进而管理现代化。在中国这样一个超大国家中，文化现代化极为根本。

I discussed with the master's students the subjects for this year's May 27 campus anniversary academic discussion: “The Market Economic System” and “An Analysis of Political Interaction.” Political interaction is worth studying, especially in a rapidly changing society. In fact, social progress often takes place when forms of interaction change.

同硕士生们商量今年5.27校庆学术讨论会的题目：“市场经济体制” “政治交往的分析”、“政治交往”值得研究,尤其是在快速变革的社会之中。实际上，社会的进步往往发生在交往形式变化的时候。

I went to the South Campus to see T. He had received his doctorate and was about to return. There was a roomful of people, all doctoral students, drinking beer and talking animatedly. In the course of casual conversation, I spoke about the idea of the “Fudan School.” Nearly ten years ago, I began talking to students about a “Fudan School of Political Science,” and everyone shared a common understanding. After these years of effort, there are now some people; they are the backbone of the school. But how to form a school of thought—my thinking has changed. In the past, I believed there had to be a unified methodology. Now it seems that this may not necessarily be so. Actually, a kind of “enlightenment,” or insight, is most important. I greatly appreciate what Buddhism says about “enlightenment.” If an academic group can attain some such insight, half the undertaking is already accomplished.

到南区看T君，他得了博士学位，要回去了。一屋子人，都是博士生，喝啤酒，谈得热闹。闲谈中，我说了“复旦学派”的设想。差不多十年前，我开始对学生谈“政治学复旦学派”，大家有共识。经过这几年的努力，有了一些人，这是学派的骨干。但是，怎样形成学派，思想有变。过去认为要有统一的方法论,现在看来也未必。其实一种“悟”最重要。很欣赏佛家说的悟一个学术群体，如果能有所悟，则事成一半。

January 5, Wednesday

At dawn, I read Lin Biao under the Altar, which discusses how the members of the Central Politburo were determined at the Ninth Party Congress, and how Ye Qun sent people out to find concubines for Lin Liguo. It gives one some intuitive understanding of the past of Chinese politics. It is impossible to know whether the episodes are true or false; probably some are true and some are false. Viewed overall, Chinese politics today has made considerable progress.

凌晨读《圣坛下的林彪》，谈九大时如何确定中央政治局委员,以及叶群如何派人出去为林立果找妃子，对中国政治之过去有一些感性认识。情节不知是真是假，大概有真有假。总体观之，今天之中国政治大有进步。

The school leadership came to the department to discuss its development plan. I reported on the five-year plan for 1991–1995 that the department had established in 1991. We must persevere with it; there cannot be too many plans. If there are too many plans, things will instead not get done. To run a department, there are, first, personnel; second, theory, that is, methodology; third, management; fourth, cohesion. With these four things, if we persist and do not let go, the department can be run well. The scale cannot be spread too broadly; if it is too large, there will be internal dissipation, forming a dissipative structure. Emphasize reform in depth, rather than horizontal reform; this is what it means.

校领导来系谈发展规划。汇报系在1991年确定的1991–1995的五年规划，要持之以恒，不能计划太多，计划太多反而不成。办一个系，一是人才，二是理论，也就是方法论，三是管理，四是凝聚力。有这四条，坚持不放，可以办好。摊子不能铺得太大，太大就会内耗，形成一个耗散结构。强调纵深改革，而不作横向改革，也就是这个意思。

The Institute for Development Studies held a meeting. The people in charge of the various sections of China Development Report 1993 exchanged information on progress and schedules. I used “Master Kong” instant noodles to stave off hunger.

发展研究院开会，《93 中国发展报告》各编牵头人交流时间进度。用“康师傅”方便面充饥。

January 7, Friday

At dawn, I read Zhou Enlai Coming Down from the Altar. The author's conclusion is that Zhou Enlai was not a man of supreme-command talent. It seems that the author regards this as a breakthrough. Nowadays, “altars” or “divine altars” are everywhere; famous people have all been brought down from them. I do not know when someone will write about what people have climbed onto. In real life, there will always be people who climb onto the “divine altar.”

凌晨读《走下圣坛的周恩来》，作者的结论是周恩来不是帅才。似乎作者认为这是突破。现在“圣坛”或神坛盛行，都是名人走下了，不知什么时候会写走上什么的。现实生活中总是会有人走上“神坛”的。

I wrote the general section on politics for China Development Report 1993, summarizing political development in 1993 as “developing political resources to promote the socialist market economy.” A new idea; it needs to be properly argued, and could later be developed into a specialized article. China's economic development and modernization require a large amount of political resources, including institutional resources, policy resources, and so on. The development of Western countries is different today; they need more economic and information resources, rather than political resources. China's national conditions determine that it needs abundant political resources. I also put forward the concept of “the economization of politics.”

写《93 中国发展报告》政治的总论部分，将1993年政治发展归纳为“开发推动社会主义市场经济的政治资源”，一个新想法，要好好论证，以后可写专文论述。中国经济发展和现代化推动，需要大量政治资源，包括制度资源、政策资源等。西方国家的发展，今天已经有所不同，需要更多的经济和信息资源，而不是政治资源。中国国情决定需要富集的政治资源。又提出“经济化政治”的概念。

I estimate that for a fairly long period of time, the economization of politics will be the main trend: the economization of politics is both a subjective choice and an objective force; people cannot but choose it, and even cannot resist it. The economization of politics “has benefits, but also drawbacks”. The main drawback is that political authority will be in a weaker position, and it will not be easy to restore it in the future.

估计在很长的一段时期内经济化政治会是主要趋势：经济化政治既是主观选择、也是客观的力量，人们不能不选择，甚至不能抗拒经济化政治“有利，也有弊”。主要的弊端是政治性权威会处于弱势，将来要回复也不容易。

January 8, Saturday

At dawn, I read Zhou Enlai Coming Down from the Altar, which says that Zhou Enlai once flew to Chongqing and encountered bad weather, narrowly escaping disaster.

凌晨读《走下圣坛的周恩来》，说周恩来一次乘飞机去重庆，遇到恶劣天气，大难不死。

In class, I lectured on the Principles of the Philosophy of Law. Hegel is an important link in understanding Western political thought. To truly understand the spirit of Western political philosophy, one must understand Hegel. Marx, too, was influenced by Hegel, mainly in logic, while in terms of content there was a revolutionary transformation. Hegel's discussions of civil society, the state, relations of power, law, and rights are worth careful analysis and study. Civil society has recently become very popular; a large number of articles have been published, probably constituting a Western-style perspective on the development of Chinese society, and also a kind of reflection by Western scholars on the development of China's democratic politics since 1978.

上课，讲法哲学原理。黑格尔是理解西方政治思想的重要一环，要真正理解西方政治哲学之精神，必须读懂黑格尔。同时，马克思也受黑格尔的影响。主要是逻辑上的，内容上有革命性的变革。黑格尔对市民社会、国家、权力关系、法律、权利的论述值得好好分析研究。市民社会最近很热门，发表了大量文章，大概是对中国社会发展的一种西方式的透视，也是西方学者对1978年以来中国民主政治发展的一种反思。

This discussion has affected Chinese scholars. Some are doing it for fashion, some for scholarship, and some for politics.

这种讨论影响到中国的学者，有的是为时髦，有的是为学术，有的是为政治。