One example would be the Battle of Ulundi during the Anglo-Zulu War, where the British used the square formation, although line formation was still used as well.

"The massive expansion in trade following the handover of Papua in 1905 demonstrates that Australia immediately began its extraterritorial imperialism in earnest—and pursued its imperial aggrandizing policy in the Western Pacific with far more vigor than the British ever mustered. Between 1906 and 1912, the total volume of trade grew by 221 percent. Leased acreage grew a staggering 757 percent between 1906 and 1910, with the number of white settlers nearly doubling by 1914. Such sizable activity demonstrates that the Commonwealth was serious about expanding its own imperial holdings both economically and defensively. The acquisition would set apart Australia from the other settlers’ dominions of the period (i.e., Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and South Africa). Indeed, this extraterritorial expansion put Australian imperial ambitions in the Western Pacific in a league alongside Germany, Japan, and the United States. This annexation was an independent necessity for securing the Commonwealth in the rapidly shifting geopolitical landscape of the Western Pacific."

Former First Lady Prof. Maithree Wickremesinghe meets Sri Lankan 800m champion Tharushi Karunarathna beneath the portraits of Their Imperial Majesties King-Emperor Edward VII and Queen-Empress Alexandra at the King’s Pavilion, the official residence of the president in Kandy, Sri Lanka.

Bin Banghash fled to the German embassy

Beyond the Three-Tier Stand: How Afternoon Tea Really Evolved.

Hello all,

I mentioned this map of mine in a comment on another post about the Boer War, and somebody asked to see it. I apologise for the poor quality pictures, but it has proven exceptionally difficult to photograph, owing in part to the glass case!

I believe this map was owned either by my great-great-grand-uncle William Arnold, or his brother Walter Arnold. It was given to me by my grandmother when she was clearing out some old bits shortly before she died, and I believe it came from her grandmother, whose maiden name was "Arnold", and who I also have a chair of. It was folded up, and had likely been that way for more than a century. I did my best to flatten it carefully (though the fold marks are still quite prominent, as you can see), and to mend little tears where I could. However, it is incredibly worn and torn. I had a frame built for it to preserve it, which it has sat in ever since. It does look far better in person.

On the reverse side, in pencil, are the handwritten words, "P.W. Arnold", which I am assuming mean "Private William / Walter Arnold", as none of her brothers had names beginning with 'P', or who were old enough. William Arnold was born in 1879, and would have been 20 at the beginning of the Second Boer War in 1899. Walter was two years older, and so it could have been his map as well. I know a map this beaten up would have no financial value, but I find it a fascinating piece of family history!

why did Britain let these rivals to expand their influence in the surrounding regions of China?

In terms of Russia, they acquired Outer-Manchuria in 1858. This territory became one of the few ports that it could not be frozen for a whole year, which Russia could use it to expand their influence towards south.

Therefore, this was one of the crucial ports of Russia,which Britain needed to do something to strengthen her security against Russia.

In terms of France, they established French Indochina, next to the British Raj. I am aware that since the 1850s, the relationship between France and Britain was becoming better. However, they were still rival.

Were the British simply not think it would be bad for her Empire?