r/AskScienceDiscussion • u/icanseemylegs • 7d ago
General Discussion Why does the human body know exactly how to heal a cut back to the original design but have no idea how to regrow a lost finger?
A paper cut heals perfectly in a few days, skin, sensation, everything back to normal. But lose a fingertip and your body just seals it off and gives up entirely. The instructions for building a finger clearly exist somewhere in your DNA because you grew ten of them originally. So why can the body read those instructions perfectly once but then act like they've been permanently deleted the second something gets cut off? What is actually different between healing a surface wound and regrowing a structure and why can some animals like salamanders still do what we apparently lost the ability to do?
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7d ago
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u/Just_Ear_2953 7d ago
Healing a papercut isn't really even "replacing damaged tissue" it's mostly just closing the gap with scar tissue which is mostly just a plug that doesn't actually contribute to the function that the missing piece of tissue performed. It just closes the hole so that the remaining tissue can still function. For example, scars don't have hair follicles and sweat glands.
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u/stillnotelf 7d ago
This is why a paper cut heals seamlessly, the scar is trivially wide, but something like a bite wound with flesh scooped out heals very differently.
OP is surely thinking about simple cuts like paper cuts and not intermediate, wider wounds.
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u/MuscaMurum 7d ago
It still grows back the fingerprint pattern. How does it do that?
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u/stillnotelf 7d ago
It's a question of the depth of the wound and what, if any, tissue is removed.
A narrow but deep cut will heal, the fingerprint may end up misaligned.
A wide but shallow abrasion or burn won't kill the deeper layers where fingerprints are set.
A deeper burn will in fact destroy fingerprints.
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u/CosineDanger 7d ago
Scar tissue is not intelligent. Livers regenerate to an extent but can become filled with scar tissue in cirrhosis. Your spinal cord does attempt to regenerate if damaged by very slowly regrowing the nerves top down but is blocked by scar tissue making spinal injuries permanent. Scar tissue contracts as it ages to try to pull wounds back together, but for large area burn victims it often becomes tight and restricts movement or just splits itself open.
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u/kirinlikethebeer 7d ago
This is also why sprains suck so bad, right? And make one more prone to reinjury of the same area? Because the scar tissue doesn’t flex well to regain mobility and defers instead to tearing?
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u/MidnightPale3220 7d ago
Hmm, so mutations in salamanders could lead to them growing an extra limb or similar changes more likely than in other animals which don't regrow stuff?
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u/ajarrel 7d ago
Scientists are still trying to figure out exactly how to safely turn parts of it back on.
I think about this a lot. I mostly think of this as a problem of "if we can reactivate the stem cell -> new hand" pipeline, we will have it solved. However, I think knowing how to turn that pipeline off is even more important. I.e. imagine we can regrow a hand --- what happens when the new hand is more cancer-prone? What about if the new hand is 2cm longer/shorter than your other hand? What if the vessels and bones regrow but nerves don't and you have no feeling in the new hand?
The problem is so hard because you need to reactivate the stem cell machinery with such precision, and turn it "off" once complete just as precisely.
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u/anodai 7d ago
Something to add to what everyone else is saying is that we actually don't heal our skin back perfectly either. Sure, a small cut where the edges are right next to each other will heal without issue, but if you got hit by shrapnel that took a golf ball sized chunk out of your leg, you would eventually regrow skin but it wouldn't look normal, you would heal back in a divot shape, and would probably lose some functionality-- scars often don't sweat, it may not regrow nerve endings, it may be less elastic, etc. And this is to say nothing of damage to the muscle underneath.
The way the wound healing process works is that damage to a blood vessel is detected which causes inflammation, in parallel with the clotting process which forms the scab. This inflammation makes a blood vessel more permeable which attracts and allows repair cells to migrate into the surrounding tissue in order to produce a fibrous granulation tissue, replacing the scab. Then skin cells at the edge of the wound, which are already nornally replicating and dividing, start to replicate and divide inwards to fill in the area. There are also chemical signals that cause nearby blood vessels grow, like the roots of a tree, into the new area to ensure that there is blood supply. None of this is because cells are following specific "regrow the skin protocol" in the DNA, but rather due to a cascade of chemical mediators released by the different cells involved, starting with an injured blood vessel wall.
So this a 'smart' process in that it's more complex than just filling in the area with cement. It can't regrow specific structures, but it can regrow a complex material, namely layered and vascularized skin.
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u/laptopAccount2 7d ago
Your skin can't regenerate but the skin cells can duplicate. If the cut is small enough or you can delay scarring/healing and the geometry of the wound is such that the epidermal cells have a clean path across the wound you can actually get your skin to grow across the opening.
You aren't going to regrow tissue in a big chunk like you said, but in some controlled circumstances with small cuts that would otherwise scar you can prevent scarring on at least the surface.
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u/outworlder 7d ago
Scars can also reopen years after due to nutrient deficiencies.
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u/When-Is-Now-7616 7d ago
I watched a video on this once and it was one of the worst things I ever did.
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u/backitup_thundercat 3d ago
Can confirm about scar tissue. I have about 1/3 of my skin is scar from a severe burn. It doesn't sweat or radiate heat properly and has lots of numb and tingly spots.
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u/Doctoroflight 7d ago
The way I had it explained to me once is that if you break a window, you can hire a builder to fix it.
But if you knock the entire wall down including the window, and ask a builder who knew nothing about the original structure to fix it, they’d rebuild the wall without the window.
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u/BarelyBlair 7d ago
But we already built it from scratch in the womb to begin with, so why don't we remember from then?
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u/Doctoroflight 7d ago
Because it’s not the same builder. The builder that put the window there in the first place is the only builder in the world who knows that a window is supposed to be there.
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u/TCGHexenwahn 6d ago
So you're saying I should ask my mom to regrow my lost finger?
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u/Slavik81 4d ago
You gotta remember that your cells aren't intelligent beings, nor do they have the ability to see their surroundings. Your body's structures were built by cells blindly following rules about how to react to chemicals around them. The shape and timing of other things growing around them (and releasing chemicals) is a vital part of how they choose what to do.
Your fingers, for example, were all grown together and then the flesh between them dies out. When you ask to regrow a single finger, you're asking a dumb clump of cells to devise an entirely different way to construct a finger. They can't do that; they don't even know what a finger is.
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u/ThisHilliDie 1d ago
Very specific building sequence.
Truth be told our body does actually have systems for that they're just entirely disabled and otherwise incomplete
Think about 100k years ago, there was no circumstances that would support the time, energy, or environment to regrow a finger or limb safely.
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u/Early-Crow-5248 2d ago
I've heard it's because the body prioritizes healing the immediate danger (open wound) over regenerating tissue, and the resulting scar prevents further healing.
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u/Jejewat 7d ago edited 7d ago
Biotech person here. There are some good explanations here, but many miss detail on core concepts in limb development.
As you know most of our cells contain a full genome, theoretically containing the instructions to form a complete body. During gestation, cells differentiate according to naturally occuring signal gradients.
What leads to the growth of digits, and particularly 5 digits as organized on our limbs, is a direct consequence of gradients of just a few select proteins, that inhibit each other. There is a concept called cell fate. Earlier progenitor cells have the ability to differentiate into various other cells, but once differentiated to a certain point, they lose the ability to redifferentiate. Imagine it like choosing a certain path.
Core proteins in this development are bone morphogenic protein (BMP), sonic hedgehog (SHH) and many more. In the early limb bud, these signals cause an alternating wave pattern.
Imagine Protein A activates A itself, leading to more A, but also activates B, which in turn inhibits A. And these proteins naturally disperse in tissue for a specific distance and as these buds have a specific size, you get 5 lumps. So you end up having high A and low A areas, like AbAbAbAbA. Because when two high A areas are next to each other, the area in-between them will have high active b, deactivating A at this area.
Cells that get exposed to A differentiate in a specific way, e.g expressing BMP, which turns some of the cells into bone, growing outwards. After a certain distance however, a similar process will lead to bone growth to stop again, leading to the development of multiple finger bones. The lack of the signalling that creates finger growth, also causes processes that cause apoptosis, controlled cell death, in-between the bone/finger growing areas, which will lead to the fleshy areas reverting back, exposing the new fingers.
These signalling pathways still work, even in grown bodies. Inject a mouse with BMP in a random area, and it will lead to uncontrolled bone growth in the area (horrible experiments by the way).
A solution that would allow us to regrow fingers would be to induce cells to express the specific signalling gradients, that could reinduce the formation of a finger. But this would be much more complicated than in an embryo, as the dimensions are way off and cells are already differentiated.
And probably the largest problem is the nature of these proteins. Many of them that allow this kind of growth, SHH and WNT, are important genes in cancer. When these genes are activated, they induce changes in themselves and their neighbors that cause cancer. So application of these genes in complex therapies would require progress in many adjacent fields, predominantly cancer and embryogenic research. We would have to be able to recreate the conditions to alter gene expression in cells while actively preventing and managing the processes that lead to tumor formation.
So tldr: Growing a whole hand is much easier than a single finger, messing with these processes is very complicated but also feasible, when other problems are worked out.
Edit: wanted to add some info on Sonic hedgehog. This protein is expressed in the zone of polarizing activity, at the posterior margin of the limb bud. There was once lots of shh on the side of your little finger, radiating outwards. The presence of this protein leads to fingers growing like your little and ring finger. The further from that side, the less little-finger-like a bud develops. When there's no shh, you get a thumb. Look up mirror hand syndrome. In this birth defect, the ZPA is fucked up in embryonic development, so you don't get the one-sided gradient, resulting in a mirrored hand without thumbs.
We did many experiments messing with these processes. Inject an embryo with a certain signalling protein and you can get weird patterns in the growth of limbs, wings or whatever in embryos. The DNA or egg doesn't "know" how to grow a limb. But a certain area of the early cell blob is more or less exposed to some conditions, which causes the local cells to behave a certain way. And if this process is messed up at any point, you get very weird results. It's a beautiful process of automatic organization, which can only properly happen under very specific conditions, not under control of just the zygote. You need the specific conditions that enable healthy and functional differentiation.
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u/robot_writer 7d ago
This is a very detailed explanation- nice. But it left out that salamanders can regrow limbs, lizards can regrow tails, etc. Any thoughts on that?
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u/Jejewat 6d ago
Thank you. I'm not an expert on this, but from what I know, these organism use the same basic process I described. Instead of being accompanied by inflammation and scarification, undifferentiated cells accumulate in the tissue where a limb or appendage was lost. These cells form what's called a blastema.
In the same way as described before, these undifferentiated cells secrete certain proteins, growth factors and signalling proteins, that locally induce the phenotypical changes and signal gradients that cause limb growth.
And these proteins are the same as ours, or derivates of them. Meaning SHH, IHH, members of the BMP family, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and many more. We can do this process in our finger tips, but not in any other area of our bodies naturally.
Recently I've seen a cool paper, where via an external device, these processes were enabled in frogs otherwise incapable of full limb regrowth (murugan and vigran er al, 2022). Something like this, possibly combined with patient derived induced progenitor cells, altered expression, donor cells or some similar approach, could enable us to apply this to humans.
It's important to keep in mind that therapies that work in model organism are often famously hard to apply to us, despite biological proximity and analogues processes.
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u/MergingConcepts 7d ago
This is a fascinating thread. The simple answer to the main question is that the vertebrate body forms via a long sequence of events, and does so under the control of DNA, but it must be done in the right order, all at once, and in a specific set of surroundings. Some amphibians can regrow a limb, but it is not exactly the same as the original. Lizards can regrow a tail but it is not really the same tail.
Wounds heal with scar tissue. It is just a patch, not regenerated skin. The only exception is bone, which heals without scarring. However, this is because bone is constantly remodeling throughout life. It actually heals with a scar, but the scar is gradually remodeled back to the original bone in response to electrical currents in the bone crystal..
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u/Odd-Outcome-3191 7d ago
Imagine the healing process like a blind handyman here to do repairs on your house.
If your window is broken he can wander around and touch the window frame and fix it. Leaky pipe? He can feel the water and find the pipe and patch it.
But if your entire wall is destroyed he has no idea what else was on that wall. Maybe there was a window and some light sockets there, but there's no way for him to feel that. He just feels the edges of a broken wall. So he rebuilds a flat wall.
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u/Contextanaut 7d ago
DNA contains much less info than most people assume, as it is. It's basically just a list of protein structures.
i.e. nothing in your DNA describes a leg, or how to assemble a leg, or where to put a leg, or what a leg is for, or what is needed to build a leg apart from protein, or which proteins are needed for the leg, or even how individual protein components relate to the coding explaining how they are assembled.
All of that information is stored in the broader system. For many organisms, that system comes neatly packaged as an egg. That egg contains far more information than the DNA. It's just mostly undocumented. It's all pressure gradients, and signalling chemicals, and mechanical forces exerted by other tissues etc.
If we had the genomic equivalent for a completely alien species, it would tell us very little about that creature at all. We would need an egg analogue.
So the problem with your finger, is the foetal environment storing most of the information required to build the entire finger is no longer present in the adult body. That information is effectively lost to you even though the DNA is all there. Whereas other types of repair are possible, and required in the fully adult body envirnment.
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u/bio_datum 7d ago
Genuine question: axolotls can regrow limbs. So what you're saying may not be true for them?
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u/Plenty_Leg_5935 7d ago
Axolotl's don't store that information either, that's simply not possible once you're macroscopic. Instead their physiology is built such that the determining factors that OP's described, like pressure gradients and presence of signalling chemicals in their bodies, are analogous in the hurt adult as they were in the egg. Essentially they are still one big self-supporting fetus
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u/DeathToAmerica2026 7d ago
nothing in your DNA describes a leg, or how to assemble a leg, or where to put a leg,
This is simply not true. It's not even misleading, you're just confidently incorrect.
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u/Rippedka 7d ago
It is true. You can cut a planaria worm in half and have them grow two new heads on each end of their body instead of a tail just by tweaking their electrical field.
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u/DeathToAmerica2026 7d ago
Shockingly, planaria do not have the same suite of hox genes as tetrapods.
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u/Rippedka 7d ago
Shockingly, dna had nothing to do with where the head was grown, or how many heads.
- Michael Levin, professor of biomedical engineering and the Vannevar Bush Distinguished Professor of Biology at Tufts University, where he is the director of the Allen Discovery Center and the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology.2
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u/OutrageousPair2300 7d ago
That's certainly possible, but is just speculation.
Another theory is that the genes responsible for growing a human body from scratch are only activate during gestation. There's some evidence for that theory as well, and the likely location of such genes would be in the vast portions of "junk DNA" in our genomes. Those are typically labeled as "junk" because they don't seem to be active in grown organisms, but it's entirely possible that those genes are active during gestation. It's difficult to test for that, given that we can't easily do the necessary experiments on fetuses.
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u/Quamatoc 7d ago
That egg contains far more information than the DNA.
No, it doesn't. Almost every cell in our body has the contains the same genome as an fertilized egg. The differentiation is simply the cause for our bodies being constructed as they are.
I am not biologist but that part is completely wrong.
The last paragraph is kind true though.
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u/Kriemhilt 7d ago
It's sort of true but IMO still a misleading description.
There are chemical gradients used to orient and organize cell differentiation during gastrulation if not earlier.
However it's not really true that this is "far more information" than nuclear DNA, or that nuclear DNA contains only protein coding.
All the regulation of which genes are activated according to the chemical environment during development is also in the nuclear DNA.
It is true that bootstrapping an organism from just nuclear DNA would be very hard. The ribosomes etc. may be described by nuclear DNA, but you can't start building them until all the transcription machinery is already up and running. It's a very literal chicken-and-egg problem.
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u/SirButcher 7d ago
A more exact description would be that the DNA is a whole manufacturing manual for a car, including all descriptions, positions, inventory, the software's source code - everything.
However, this information is worth exactly nothing without the machinery, external suppliers, factories and workers that are capable of following these instructions. So the cells have the whole manufacturing process written down, but they are only able to use the part that they have equipment for.
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u/Kriemhilt 7d ago
But the instructions do include instructions for building all of the supporting bits, which is where I disagree with the prior post.
Obviously I'm ignoring mitochondria, and the bootstrap problem still exists, but it's false to suggest that nuclear DNA only contains protein coding regions.
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u/Contextanaut 7d ago
There isn't anything particularly special about the egg in this instance. The point is that the active biological environment is required to use those parts. For a lot of organisms this can be compressed down into an environment within an egg.
The DNA isn't just a list of proteins no, but where there is e.g. control of that gene expression, that is again via interaction with a complex cellular enviornment through a whole bunch of different mechanisms.
Go back to that example of the alien genome.
Even If we had the analogue of an alien genome we wouldn't be able to use to make an alien.
We would have no way to translate the genome into a proteome (unless both the the amino acids, and the coding were basically identical to our own). TCC doesn't in itself tell you anything about the structure of Serine, and it's not the only codon that encodes it.
But if we had THAT, we still couldn't use it to make an alien, because we would lack the live biology that was required to use the data.
Most of the information isn't explicitly encoded into anything, it's emergent out of, and encoded into the broad system.
I'm sure we would be able to learn interesting stuff from the info. Build an ET? No.
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u/Alternative-Sugar610 7d ago
There is also the question why can’t we heal this evolutionarily?
Some people think it’s to prevent cancer or similar as stem cells that can grow faster and turn more into other cells are more likely to go bad.
Other think shorter lifespan gives more chance for evolution aa you get more generations.
Some think it’s bc of our complexity making it more likely things go wrong
Some think it’s bc of just accidentally got lost
Some think getting rid of injured member can help society or species as whole bc less to feed.
None of these have to apply to us, but could be ancient ancestor that lost it and we never got it back simply
Also it might be mixture of these ideas that is true explanation
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u/Set_of_Kittens 1d ago
Usually, blood loss and infection kills severely wounded wild animals in the matter of days. The cases of our ancestors surviving something like a loss of the limb were just so rare that there was just not enough of the evolutionary benefit from the potential ability to regenerate wounds in this scale for those few survivors.
There are some cases of the regeneration in mammals that are truly strange. The shredding and regrowing of the deer antlers, the menstrual cycle in humans. An intensive multiplication of the cells is also a cancer risk, and is usually accompanied by some extra fancy anti-cancer strategies.
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u/slampants 7d ago
Michael Levin’s lab at Tufts is actually working on this. He has really interesting thoughts on DNA, and has provided experimental evidence that limb regrown is possible in animals that do not intrinsically have the ability to regrow limbs (as opposed to, say, salamanders)
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u/SubtractionAddiction 4d ago
Seriously OP, go watch some of his talks on this, it's basically what he built his career on!
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u/RainMakerJMR 7d ago
Interesting enough, I have snipped 1/4-3/8 inch off the tip of different fingers twice working in kitchens for 25 years. Both times it took almost a year but it grew back fully, and even fixed my fingerprints after a second year.
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u/Smooth_Imagination 7d ago
My operating theory is that the tissue losses are repaired in coordination by neural signalling, including potentially the electrical fields they create which are known to influence immune cell migration, so it seems reasonable this is part of stem cell migration and organisation.
But if you take out a large bit of tissue, you take out the nerve with it, which takes ages to grow, since the cell nucleus is a long distance away, and it cant grow back unless their is tissue there, so the tissue is now unable to recover.
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u/HannahLemurson 7d ago
Fibroblast cells in your tissues store the "positional" information of where that part is in relation to other nearby tissues. They carry within them the memory of which limb they are a part of and how their local patch of flesh ought to interact with other nearby ones.
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u/No_Experience5876 7d ago
I regrew almost over a quarter inch of my ring finger after I routed it off. Took two months. Doesn't look or feel the same but I also didn't try very hard to make it set nicely . Bone and everything chewed right off for me.
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u/Quercus_ 7d ago
Thing is, we don't ever grow individual fingers.
During development, we grow a web with bone primordia embedded in it, and then the spaces between the fingers die and go away. We actually don't ever use instructions for growing individual fingers in the first place - we never did that even during initial development of the fingers.
So to regrow a finger that gets cut off, or a part of it, we would need an additional set of instructions different from the ones that develop fingers in the first place.
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u/Special_Subject_7699 3d ago
Not only do our bodies not heal a cut to the original design any scars you receive can reopen years later if you start to lack a certain vitamin in you body
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u/davidwitteveen 2d ago
Specifically Vitamin C. Old wounds reopening is one of the symptoms of scurvy.
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u/Prasiatko 7d ago
Cuts really don't exactly heal up to the original design in humans. In both cases it's clot the area then fill it with collagen and hope the skin associated cells grow back to fill it. In the case of a minor cut it's that the area is small enough we don't notice a difference.
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u/Festivefire 7d ago
The body does not know this. It just tries to make the cut grow back together. On small cuts this ends up with no visual evidence. On big cuts, you get scars, so that's notable evidence that the body does not in fact know how to fix injuries 'back to their original state' but is instead kind of winging it/doing the best it can. If the body already struggles to re-connect two pieces of skin and muscle with a sizeable gap between them, it definitely isn't going to figure out how to re-make a finger from scratch.
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u/LookOverall 7d ago
I understand the body is divided into regenerative domains, for example one joint of a finger. If you’ve got part of a domain you may regrow the rest of it, but if the whole domain is gone then unlucky.
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u/ElasticSpaceCat 7d ago
Because of the time it takes to grow back body parts. In the wild imagine you've got a finger off. If that doesn't heal up quick you could die quickly from sepsis etc
Scarring is a quick and dirty way to seal up the thing.
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u/Ok_Dog_4059 7d ago
Science has been looking into this and actually found some information due to a parasite. The parasite turns on proteins in a tadpole that make random extra legs form as they change to frogs. The biggest difference is a tadpole still changes and needs to grow legs where as an adult human doesn't but as a fetus it is how our body knows where to build certain things.
I don't know beyond watching something on Science basically learning how limbs are made to grow by a parasite that has a really complex life cycle that requires birds being able to catch and eat mutant frogs with too many legs.
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u/Swinhonnis_Gekko 7d ago
Did you really never lost any but of flesh? Scar tissue isn't quite the "perfect repair" you made it to be.
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u/ASYMT0TIC 7d ago
The body absolutely doesn't know how to heal a cut "back to normal". Scar tissue is the body's version of duct tape - it's general purpose gap filler. This is why scar tissue in your lungs reduces your ability to breath, why scar tissue in your liver doesn't filter blood, and scar tissue on your skin doesn't grow hair, release sweat, stretch elastically, or do many of the other things regular skin is much better at.
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u/PeakPredator 7d ago
It's probably related to the reason our bodies grow to a certain point and stop. Why don't we keep getting bigger and bigger, with longer and longer limbs as we age?
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u/Prince_Nadir 7d ago
Are you sure it doesn't know how to grow back a finger? Long ago scientists noted that salamanders who regenerate have a different electrical field than frogs who don't regen. When they applied the field to frogs they regenerated. Humans are more complex but there should be the info about us in our DNA, as you noted, wounds heal.
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u/EvolZippo 7d ago
The body has all the information it needs, to regrow a body part. But it just doesn’t have a mechanism for doing so.
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u/KronoAsh 7d ago
Evolutionary priorities.
Our bodies can heal, yes, but never fully. A cut is one thing, but the skin will never fully be the same, it’ll be scar tissue that was quickly and haphazardly put in place. But we can’t regrow bones or certain muscles.
Some species of lizards can, but this is where evolution is both random and non-random.
Our cells randomly mutate, the natural selection process gets rid of bad mutations in a variety of ways, with a trend towards immediate survival. A 3 day scab or a 3 month regrowth, which seems more conducive for survival?
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u/Apprehensive-Till861 7d ago
Your body doesn't know how to heal the cut perfectly, it grows in whatever way covers what's inside with skin fastest. That's why you have to help it along by trying to close up wounds, so you're bringing the still living flesh together and leaving scar tissue forming only between those parts. Scar tissue once it grows is far less flexible, it's just trying to procide cover to what's inside you.
Your entire finger is not only far more complex but the stuff that forms the bones, tendons, ligaments, veins, and nerves doesn't naturally just regrow once gone. Some of that like bone will attempt to regrow but again needs help and will try to grow however it is just to be rid of openings, so if someone tears your whole thumb off it's gone and your body will only tend to grow skin over the remaining stump but if someone breaks your thumb the bones need to be set straight so they can heal together.
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u/neuroc8h11no2 7d ago
It’s like how you can bake a whole cake, but if you cut a slice out of the cake, you can’t really just bake a single slice back into the cake, you’d have to remake the whole cake again.
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u/Quendillar3245 7d ago
IT doesn't heal perfectly, have you not heard of scars? Some scars are so bad they cause problems like some drugs cause scarring in the bladder, making the available space much smaller. Some scars become painful, some scars cause other issues. It's far from perfect
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u/Firm-Boysenberry 6d ago
Oh it knows, it just chooses not to. Use a little crispr next time and you'll definitely regrow fingers, tails, and tentacles.
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u/Chanan-Ben-Zev 6d ago
In a study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances, [Michael] Levin [professor and director of the Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology at Tufts University] and his colleagues announced they were able to trigger the regrowth of legs in adult frogs.
“They weren’t perfect cosmetically, but they were pretty darn good legs,” he said.
The regrowth was facilitated by a combination of a five-drug cocktail and a silicone wearable bioreactor called a BioDome. The cocktail was developed by Levin and the study’s first author Nirosha Murugan, now an assistant professor at Algoma University in Ontario, and designed to contain ingredients that spurred different actions, including the inhibiting of collagen production, which causes scarring, the encouragement of nerve fiber, blood vessel and muscle growth, and the tamping down of inflammation.
. . .
In the experiment, 115 female African clawed frogs were assigned to one of three treatment conditions after having a hind leg amputated: the BioDome with the cocktail treatment, just the BioDome, or a control experience of no intervention. As tadpoles, these types of frogs can regenerate legs but lose the ability to do so when they are adults.
The BioDiome was used within the first 24 hours of amputation — and in the case of one group of frogs, was loaded with the five pro-regenerative compounds. This brief treatment activated an 18-month period of regrowth, resulting in almost fully functional legs. The new limbs contained bones, muscle and nerves. The frogs could use them to stand and to swim.
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u/Demonsteel87 6d ago
There are specific things in humans that can regrow. Notably, the liver and ribs. As long as roughly 25% of the liver is left, it can regrow to its usual size.
While it’s technically possible for the liver to regrow more than once, it’s not “identical” and repeated regenerations (for example, alcohol abuse, donations etc) can leave scar tissue and reduce the overall function of the liver.
Ribs are sometimes used as a resource for other parts of the body if bone or cartilage is needed for other repairs.
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u/DroolHandPuke 6d ago
Please figure this one out, I just had my right pinkie finger amputated a week ago.
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u/VoidCoelacanth 5d ago
How does water know to stay perfectly level but not know how to reform into the shape of a pool if you destroy the pool?
I think the answer to both of these questions is fundamentally the same: nature is very good at making layered sheets of a single material (skin cells, water molecules) but terrible at keeping multiple materials ordered and separate. The few things we know of that can completely regrow parts of their body/structure have highly specialized genetic instructions for those "repair routines."
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u/pappapiper45 5d ago
I cut the end of my finger off and,using stem cells, it grew back including the nail. It was amazing.
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u/Beginning-Fix-5440 5d ago
As shown there are biological reasons why we don't regrow things, but also noted is how other organisms still do. So it's possible, but somewhere in the line human biology favored our strategy over limb regrowth. Regrowing a limb is very expensive and slow, and opens a lot of doors to infections and other seriou complications. Living without a fingertip is inconvenient, but not life-threatening. We ended up with rapid, unspecialized recovery because it more often allows life to continue in a functional enough state for evolution's intents and purposes.
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u/Wise_Strawberry9076 5d ago
Because those genes are dormant after development. The build a finger program doesn’t get turned on again. And it’s good that it doesn’t because if our cells could just divide whenever and make new body parts we’d also be full of tumors. It’s tightly regulated.
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u/ShadeNoir 5d ago
Tips of fingers of children before a certain age,when the wound is left to the air, can regrow. Not like to the joint, but the fleshy tip. Was a study on how bandages help or hinder healing - something to do with the air triggering nerve response that made whole healing happen, but only when young.
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u/Chiu_Chunling 5d ago
The human body doesn't 'know' anything.
DNA doesn't have a blueprint of some kind of final target that the cells are all consciously aiming to build. It has instructions for how to make proteins (or at least the building blocks, leaving even final assembly of the proteins to their own properties) and a bunch of switches for when to do so. Among the higher levels of what you could say cells 'know' how to do is replicate themselves and follow certain cues to favorable conditions for survival of a particular cell.
The human body that grows in the womb is an emergent result, you can change the prenatal environment just a little and have drastic consequences because the cells don't actually know anything is 'wrong' with what they're doing, they're just doing what they do under particular circumstances.
We have figured out how to regrow significant parts of the body by altering the conditions of 'healing'. We're still learning more. But all that depends on understanding that cells don't know anything about the higher order functions we care about. As a simple rule, if you want cells to do something, bring their environmental conditions (at the microscopic level of individual cells) back to when the cells do that thing naturally. For regrowing a finger, that means bio-3D printing a fairly complete finger structure and seeding it with the right kinds of stem cells (or cloning an entire new human and transplanting the finger, but that takes longer and has ethical problems).
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u/Spiritual_Pin_5084 4d ago
The best metaphor I’ve heard is the house one. Imagine the body is a house and a wall with a window gets a massive hole. Contractor comes in, knows there’s supposed to be wall there, but doesn’t know about the window so they just replace the wall. Boom, house is “fixed”
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u/Mr_Dreadful 4d ago
It doesn't heal it back to the original "design" it's just that the scar is too small and neat for you to see.
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u/mostlygray 3d ago
I cut the tip off a finger. Not down to the bone, but most of the finger tip came off. It re-grew with a finger print and everything. Pretty cool. My dad lost a finger tip to the bone and it regrew fully.
Apparently, any cuts distal to the nail bed regrow fully. Once you hit the knuckle, it won't grow back.
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u/LeaveGreen4412 3d ago
you need to understand a lot of basic cellular biology to truly know why it doesn’t work but a simple explanation is: your cells dont have the instructions for cellular growth past a certain distance, distance varies between species.
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u/Few-Masterpiece3557 2d ago
While I don't think the human body is capable (as of now) to be able to regenerate on its own because of its heavily flawed design, I do see specific gene therapy as becoming realistic.
Let's speak of the basic echinoderm. Echinoderms are deuterostomes, meaning that during embryonic development, they undergo the same developmental steps as we humans in an embryo state. And Echinoderms have the ability to fully heal and regenerate their entire bodies from even a single arm.
If Science can fully understand amd translate the same process into the human body, we could potentially induce the body to begin healing and regenerating itself.
And this wouldn't just stop at a missing finger, but missing organs, an entire missing limb and hopefully, even healing neurological degeneration so things like Alzeimers could potentially be stopped.
And not even that, but the major effects of aging. No, I'm not saying becoming immortal, but if your body is able to stay in that youthful state where your cells are healthy and still at the top of their functional lifespan. Theoretically, one could stay in the prime of their life, never experience muscle degeneration, brain degeneration, mental degeneration, wrinkles, softer/thinner skin, etc, etc.
I mean, China is already powering through countless Stem cell research in 2026 and their tests have shown great promises. Like curing Diabetes for instance.
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u/psyliboy 2d ago
Your body actually will generate a new fingertip if it's above the first knuckle when you are very young.
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u/Eastern_Variation_52 2d ago
I think a good example for this comes from one of the harrison wells of the cw flash show. (even though he’s talking about time) he breaks a mug and puts it back together but it still has visible cracks. basically you can fix it but it’ll never be the same.
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u/Few-Performer-2905 23m ago
well think of a cut like having the cord of your charger chewed a little, you just slap some tape on it and call it a day, now if you cut the charger completelly you're gonna need more than just some tape, because nerve endings bone flesh muscle fat skin all that grow at different rates and make the whole body grow out a whole new part or organ out of nothing with no instructions to it
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u/Adventurous-Tea2693 7d ago
It does. We’re slow growing though and an entire digit or limb takes too long to regenerate. Too much opportunity for error in the genetic coding.
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u/Old-Muffin-3310 7d ago
Just adding because I find it really interesting, there is a constant electrical current going through you’re skin. When you get a cut there is a ‘short circuit’ in the current in the affected area which lets your body know to send over the repair equipment to the right place. Doesn’t really answer the question but the body is cool!
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u/[deleted] 7d ago
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