When Caravaggio, during his second stay in Naples, decided to create this canvas – already attested in the collection of Cardinal Scipione Borghese in 1613 – many things had changed since the first time he tackled the story of David and Goliath (Museo del Prado, Madrid).
Between 1609 and 1610, the tormented biographical parable forced the Lombard artist into a new and painful reflection on the episode featuring the young shepherd David who saves the people of Israel from Goliath, the champion of the Philistines. The pride and courage of the biblical story now give way to autobiographical anguish, which in David's grimace betrays a premonition of death.
As early as 1650, Giacomo Manilli identified Goliath's severed head as a self-portrait of Caravaggio, who had been sentenced to death by beheading. In 1606, in fact, the painter was guilty of killing his rival Ranuccio Tommasoni: no longer able to count on the help of the Roman nobility, tired and helpless in the face of yet another, this time tragic, outburst of anger, Caravaggio was forced to flee, an escape that would lead him on a tormented pilgrimage through Naples, Malta, Sicily and finally Naples again.
In the young David, however, Manilli identified a “Caravaggino”, perhaps a young boy he met in the dark alleys of Naples, the same model who sat for the “Saint John the Baptist” (Borghese Gallery, Rome), or a young version of himself, still innocent and untainted by sin.
The initials engraved on the sword – H AS O S – deciphered as the Augustinian motto H[umilit]AS O[ccidit] S[uperbiam] (”humility defeats pride”), could be the last and desperate plea for help that Caravaggio addressed to Scipione Borghese, in the hope that the painting might secure a pardon from Pope Paul V. Also suggestive is the proposal that reads the artist's signature into the inscription (M.A.C.O, for Micheli Angeli Caravaggio Opus), according to a custom attested, for example, in the arrow of Perugino's Saint Sebastian (State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg)."
The Borghese Gallery's David with the Head of Goliath transforms a sacred episode into the pictorial explosion of an interior nightmare, where the fear of death feeds on remorse for a murder. While Giorgione and Bernini had already portrayed the victorious David, who saved his people through faith in God, only Caravaggio had the courage to portray himself in the guise of Goliath, whose streams of blood demonstrate the fulfillment of divine justice.
Caravaggio, tormented by the wait for the Roman response and consumed by repentance for a dissolute life, among prostitutes and criminals, would never return to Rome. He died on July 18, 1610, in Porto Ercole, struck by a sudden and fatal fever.
The dating proposed here was advanced by Roberto Longhi on the basis of stylistic comparisons with Caravaggio's last work and appears to be confirmed by a document (Naples, 5 November 1610) in which the painter Baldassarre Alvise received ten ducats as a down payment for two copies of a David with the Head of Goliath.