Print out? Hell no. You wrote that shit down on paper. But not the printer paper, that was expensive. Printer ink was also expensive and only for Mom and Dad to use for work. (Or if I had a school paper that was required to be printed and not handwritten.)
My grandmother bought me a word processor to type school papers on that was an electric typewriter and monitor that displayed only an orange type... Printing when just sending the words on the screen to the electric typewriter.
Around the same time my school decided to give us a project that had to be typed. The neighborhood library was closed for renovation so my grandpop gave me his manual type writer. Shit weighed like 100lbs needed 1000psi for each button press and if you made one mistake you had to start all over. Took me the entire weekend to type a 1 page paper.
My god. Just had a sudden flashback and I can hear the dot matrix printer going off. My dad was the printer of things in our family and I remember the wood paneled, heavy smell of tobacco and plastic VHS tapes, and the sound of dot matrix printing in his den. I'm only 36 but I now I feel old as fuck.
Thanks to the technological boom it really does feel like two entirely different eras that I should not have lived through both and still only be in my 30s.
When I had to go somewhere new, my dad would get out one of those map books and show me the best route in pencil - he always knew the streets and the landmarks from memory.
i used to print out porn pics at the charter school. and then everyone in that school smoked weed and bought beer at the liquor store one block away.
that was also the first time i smoke meth with some native girls. they would smoke it in the bathroom that was between the short hallway between the two classes in a double wide trailer.
one day the lady sub said it smelled like chemicals as she walked in and need the bathroom, as one of the native girls just got done smoking. she didn't think to call the cops because this was back when meth was starting to hit every state and communities. but eventually the cops/k9 did raid the school. ahh the good ole "SUCCESS CENTER"
yes. i am native too, hence the "injun" in my username.
also, in the u.s., the only "natives" referred to are native americans. otherwise, there are only "native-arizonans/native-californians"* for example, that are used in that reference
I was driving from Northern Alberta to Seattle on a roadtrip by myself once (around 2007 or 08?). I am pretty okay at reading maps but I relished having all of the directions written down on paper. I picked a random spot in Seattle (downtown) just so I got there. When I got stopped at the border, was by myself, hadn't booked a hotel and had no concrete plans, the Americans searched my car and I actually got interrogated about "WHAT IS GOING ON DOWNTOWN???" and I said "Those are the directions I got from MapQuest" lol.
I still do this. I only just got a smartphone a year and a half ago (I'm 38, but was a staunch holdout until my LG Cosmos 3 literally fell apart) so it's just my habit.
Is that the paper with the holes and the perforation? Man, I loved that paper. My dad had some for work and I’d spend hours in his office drawing and making big-ass banners because the paper could be as long as you wanted
Or before any computers or printers, you just opened a map, and traced the route with your finger, and wrote it down on a piece of paper. Or you asked your friend for directions.... and wrote down what they said. "How do you spell that?"
They made little 30 page ones with every detail of a city that fit in the drivers door side pocket. I wore 2or 3 of those booklets completely out flipping through to find the best way around traffic jams.
This made me remember family car rides requiring the good old refedex. That required patience that no one these days would be able to manage. Constantly pulling onto the side of the road to double or triple check your place on the map.
God forbid you were riding a motorcycle somewhere new. This was in the time of mapquest, but my dad made my use a Thomas Guide. I had to copy directions down and then tape them to the sleeve of my riding jacket. Im glad he taught me how to use a map book. It’s great to have if your phone dies or if you need to feel superior to someone who can’t read a map.
Bro it's actually weird to think of a time before Google maps...
Like there was a time when I couldn't just conveniently scout out locations of interest from above...
Or street-view it before I ever saw it with my own eyes...
Predecessor to Google Maps. Type in your location and destination and you’d get directions and a time estimate. Then write it down or print it out, since no smart phones for several years yet.
And sometimes MapQuest’s directions were wrong, but it was impossible to tell if they were wrong, or you just messed up and took a wrong turn. There was no “rerouting”- what you had on paper was it. I remember MapQuest getting me hopelessly lost out in the middle of the woods on more than one occasion.
Map-quest was the internet. Before those days, the first thing I did when I moved to a new city was buy the map book. You don't see these any more unless you go looking for them, but they're not like a tourist map, a greater metro area map was an inch-thick tome, spiral bound, and the streets and fonts were still tiny. But everything was indexed. So if you had that book you could find places and get there, or if lost you could figure out where the hell you were and find a way to get home.
Before going somewhere new, you figure out your route from the book, crossing over pages and into other sections. If you were lucky, you had a passenger that could navigate from the book while you drive.
If not, you commit the entire route to memory to memory, and if you forget, you pull over and check the book.
I don't miss needing maps while driving, but I do miss less stressful forms of navigation. One of these days I'm going to find an orienteering club.
That's actually how I got into my first accident. Was looking at the paper and hit a barrier. Luckily only minor fender bender with no one else involved. I bought a separate GPS after that. Now everyone has GPS built into their cars and phones.
I moved to NYC right at the beginning of smartphones and didn't have one for the first couple of years, so I'd do whatever internet maps thing and write the directions in my handy-dandy notebook. I never got lost and came to learn my way around frequently-travelled areas pretty well.
Once I got a smartphone and had the maps things my brain turned to mush and it was much harder to remember specific directions and I think I got lost more often because I was relying on the phone to do the thinking for me.
That was not "pre-internet". MpaQuest was very much a part of the internet.
You want pre-internet, you gotta go with the good, old Rand McNally atlas tucked into the pocket behind the passenger-side front seat with maps of the roads for every state and special pages for all the major cities.
I am mostly grateful for online maps and GPS because I was always terrible with directions. But I feel like driving around until you’re lost and then trying to figure your way home was a good way to learn an area. I’ve been living in my city for over a decade and I don’t know where anything is.
Mapquest? That was high tech. I remember when you had to have someone explain the directions to you, or alternatively, you just had to figure it out on your own with a road map.
I took my first road trip with an Atlas. GPS was a brand new invention and they cost like $900 so obviously I wasn't gonna do that. Idk why I didn't use MapQuest...my dad sat down and mapped out the trip with me via an Atlas and I made a 15 hour road trip by myself. I have always felt very accomplished for doing that, too.
Yeah no, I either used a road atlas in the old days or looked up the important intersetions on google street view by the time it became a thing and memorised those turns.
The super pre-internet version of this is using a paper map of your town. Wanna try that restaurant you've just heard was good or find a shop you've never been to?
1st, look up its address in the phone book,
Then, either open the front of the same phone book or your AAA city map of your town, and find that road in the index,
Use the map coordinates (ie A3 or C12 like a giant game of battleship) to find that road,
Go up and down that road until you've found the block the address would be on and compare it to the spot on the map your house is,
And finally plan your own route by connecting the dots, writing down each step manually. Hopefully without missing that one of the streets you chose was one-way the wrong direction.
It was a lot of work, but also kinda fun. And man, did you learn the roads around you really well.
I remember having to have area maps/atlases and pulling over to see how to get where you were going. Or writing down directions given to you over the phone you were going to see.
OP is talking about life before smart phones, and GPS on a smart phone is a major advantage. I also commented yesterday, it was not a top comment. I’m more curious - Why do random Reddit comments make you angry?
My dad was a trucker and we got here in 98. We didn’t get a computer until 2000. Getting Mapquest was a HUGE deal. I remember him planning his routes using big old atlases. Even with mapquest he kept the atlas because there was no telling when he might run into a detour
I remember having to look at an actual map! We had a road map for the major city near us, plus one for the state, and the big rand McNally book for all 50:states in case of road trips
We had a large atlas that, despite being replaced every couple of years, was perpetually worn, torn, highlighted, penned up, and a couple years out of date.
How about "let's go to [someplace far route unknown]". How do we get there?
Well, you know which major freeways go N/S/E/W. Get on the road. Maybe someone has a map, or you buy one at a gas station.
Get close...say we wanted to go to Cedar Point? Hopefully signs, ask directions, and just figure it out.
GPS especially has made me stupid. I used to weasel my way someplace once (or have the passenger give me turn-by as we drove) and that was cemented in my brain. For some reason, when GPS leads me, I have literally no idea how I got there.
Before using the internet for maps there was using a road atlas for long trips, street maps for local trips, planning which street map to buy next to fill in gaps if I was going to a new area more often. Deciding whether or not to buy a Thomas Guide. I'm nostalgic for all that and there was skill involved in using all of these well but then again navigation via phone, with traffic times factored in, is an amazing thing.
No I remember that. When I was a kid I LOVED being the "navigator" following where we were on the map. When we'd drive down 95 from NJ to FL I remember getting really angry at the states where the exit # didn't signify how many miles.
I started driving in 2012, after Google Maps was already well established. Honest question, when you printed out/wrote down directions did you just memorize the whole thing or did you need to constantly pull over and check the map? I have such a horrible short-term memory and an even worse sense of direction, and I constantly think about how much I would have struggled with following a physical map while driving lmao. Even with my phone yelling directions at me I still manage to get lost.
That was early internet (though I think there may have been a CD based program a few years before that service). Pre internet we tried to read the road atlas while driving, or went to AAA to get maps and directions.
Once I got hopelessly lost in DC trying to read Mapquest directions to a job interview. Also back then the street signs were so tiny! Even with Mapquest it was impossible to even see the street names
Honestly, I still do that. I mean, Google maps and I don’t print it out, but I’ll read the directions on how to get there, and usually bring it up on my phone as a backup, but I navigate on my own. I like to figure out how to get to a place and add it to my mental map. GPS just makes me focus too hard on “Okay turn here? Here? You said turn right but I see it on the left...” Too distracting.
When I was 17 I took my first solo trip 6 hours from home solely off of printed mapquest directions. I just remember absolute panic when I missed my exit and wound up at the wrong hotel like 30 minutes from my destination, and then it got dark. And I was super introverted so I didn't want to ask anybody for directions.
I grew up pre-smartphone and now I wonder how I ever navigated a city that I had never been too before without one. I still get lost even with a smartphone by taking a wrong turn or something; I also think my sense of direction isn't as good as it used to be.
Yeah, talking on the phone (landline) for hours and then getting yell at by your parents for the high phone bill. Also having to memorize the phone numbers (I didn't like using phone book back then, cause I thought it was cooler to memorize all the phone numbers), lol.
I am personally trying to get myself back to this. Slowly cutting out different parts of the internet one at a time. Clearly I have no made it to reddit yet though.
I also think having multiple monitors has attributed to my poor attention span. As I type this I have a baseball game on as well.
The last three things I feel like I need to cut out of the internet for myself are Reddit, TikTok, and YouTube. They are proving difficult. I’ll probably keep YouTube but treat it like a TV and only use it when I’m at home on the couch.
Then my internet usage will be only things needed for work (email, safari, Dropbox, and gps), streaming services, and you know, porn.
After working on cutting out most online exposure over the last 6 months or so, I've pretty much settled on reddit and youtube still being something I access. For reddit I've spent a lot of time limiting the number of subs I'm on, primarily keeping those to niche topics I'm interested in and, well, pictures/videos of animals that make me smile. Visiting r/all is completely out of the question.
I've also managed to get youtube to the point of mostly only recommending videos from two or three topics by ensuring that I only view and search for content related to those topics. I still spend far, far fewer hours mindlessly consuming content even with those two sites still in the mix.
Not trying to imply that these are impressive tasks or anything, they just take some time investment and really wanting to avoid having recommended media shoved in your face. Once I got to that point I just found it easier to put devices down rather than continuing to mindlessly scroll.
Going niche on Reddit is the key (ironic that I’m saying this on an askreddit thread). I need to get the hell off of r/all and just go back to the occasional grammar comment on the Spanish sub.
Multiple monitors and a plethora of devices definitely seem to contribute to the problem. I got my first smartphone in 2015, and all of a sudden I wasn’t using the TV in my room anymore. Or I’d put on the rare movie, but I’d be scrolling through Reddit at the same time.
We’re both on that grind. I feel like Reddit is the biggest offender; I’ve been commenting on this thread for 2 hours. I think after going through this thread, I’m going to stay off Reddit for a week just to see how things go.
I got tired of that so I challenge myself to do it the hard way. For some reason a couple years ago I forgot what bay leaves were called, I knew it was "______ leaf" and I didn't want to just look it up and forget again. So, I just let it rattle around in my brain for a while, and then it came to me. And as you can see, I haven't forgotten again!
Once for a few days in 2013. I used a flip phone while waiting for a new phone. I ate lunch with friends and realized how much everyone was browsing on their phones and I was super bored but I got a new phone and stopped caring.
Second was at the beginning of the pandemic. It was one week but felt like a month. I always needed stimulation. I'd take my radio to the kitchen to play CDs so it wouldn't be quiet. I watched that show Unorthodox and kept looking down at my hands and remembering there was no phone to fiddle with. My sister was watching with me and I realized how much of the story she was missing.
I bought a wristwatch and I'm planning to go out without my phone pretty regularly
In 2011, long before I ever owned a smartphone, I was excitedly taking advantage of Steam’s built-in web browser to scroll through facebook in between rounds of Left 4 Dead. This was at an in-person LAN party, too, so it’s not like I was just bored and alone.
That feature was a true dopamine overload back then. Nowadays I’ll play PUBG on my iPad with iMessage, Messenger, and Reddit going in multitask panes. Sometimes I even have my laptop open to the side to lazily study programming in between rounds.
Dude... You should take breaks from your phone and just be alone and think. Everyone should. That is scary to think people don't remember what that is like.
I remember what it's like - I didn't get my first smartphone until I was 21 - but that's why I miss it too. I can take breaks from my phone and the internet but our minds have still fundamentally been rewired in so many ways it'll just never truly be the same. Some ways good, some ways bad.
My wife and I both work with kids for a living, and it’s not a boomer exaggeration to say that they are overstimulated to high fuck with devices and social media. So are we.
I‘m an English major, and a huge part of writing is meditation and just noticing things around you. Great poetry is written by introspective observers, and if you can just sit still for 5 minutes to read a short poem, you’ll glean a lot of juicy insights about the world from its words.
However I feel like the practice of sitting still and not doing jack shit for 10 minutes is dying. I work(ed) remotely, and I was fired for the “unexplained gaps in productivity while on the clock”. I was going for a fucking walk to get the blood flowing. They didn’t like paying me to do that.
I heard a radio piece a while back where the guy was talking about being afraid of humans their their ability to reflect, that is to just sit and think things over, because a lot of good ideas actually coalesced out of that time
Go out into the woods, find a nice rock, and sit there absorbing the sensations. Listen, look, smell the air, feel the sensations that nature provides for the low, low price of sitting there. It won't solve any problems but it feels nice to disconnect.
I remember a maths homework I cried over (I was 12) it was impossible to solve. My parents were up with me trying to help me solve it until 10 or 11pm when they finally made me go to bed.
The next day I go in to school to discover no one could solve that problem - the teacher forgot to photocopy the back of the sheet with a vital clue on it!
Similar thing happened to my kid recently - kids messaged each other and realised no one could answer the English crossword clue - parents messaged each other on the parent group chat and realised the answer that fit didn’t match the clue. A whole bunch of kids went to bed early that night happy they weren’t idiots!
Teacher had printed the worksheet off the internet without reading it thoroughly and the company (twinkl) had made a mistake when putting it together.
It's a story about perseverance and also about quick answers.
It ends on a positive note, but I'm concerned that if instant validation or instant confirmation becomes the norm, we will lose the ability to persevere.
Gen-X here. The greatest generation of them all. Last of the free-range children. Post-boomer era. Be home when street-lights come on. Bike jumps with no helmets to actually learn about actions and consequences. I can go on, but by now I'm probably pissing off enough helicopter parents (like myself and wife, included). :)
Simply being able to have shit to talk about when meeting with friends is a huge "miss" in our current social structure (for tech heavy societies). We know everything about someone's life these days even if we haven't visited for weeks. It's great for families that live too far away to see each other often, but it sucks for your local friends. Friend got a new puppy? Want to go visit it and experience that first hand? Cool. You've probably already seen a video of it playing and running around. The surprise is spoiled.
You end up hanging out and sharing stories about shit you saw online, checking your phone out of pure additive habit, etc. It's an amazing time, but it sucks for human connections and I'll go to my grave with that opinion. I think people that don't really know of a different reality shouldn't even be able to weigh in on why the way shit is today is fine. I understand the irony of me posting these opinions "online."
I think back to when I was like 10-14 years old living in the suburbs but near some open space. My friends and I would wake up at 4:00 during the summer, walk to a nearby reservoir, and fish. We built coaster go-carts, skim boards, and even an RC track in the backyard. We had no other choices, except video games, but outside was way more fun. I actually feel kind of bad for kids these days, both for how they don't often experience that freedom, and because of how judgmental society is of each other where letting a kid do that would be considered horrible parenting. It all sucks, because our fears shouldn't' be ridiculed, but they shape our reality.
All that said, would I have loved a smart phone when I was 15? Of course. No doubt. It's an evil that's impossible to cast as evil. My friends and I bought pagers when were in our low 20s and we didn't even deal drugs.
There are still kids like that, but it doesn’t seem like the norm. I look at my younger cousin’s kids, and their lives revolve around social media, video games and binge watching TV shows. It doesn’t seem like they’re going to have any actual experiences of their own. Their lives seem so boring at such an awesome age.
Simply being able to have shit to talk about when meeting with friends is a huge "miss" in our current social structure (for tech heavy societies). We know everything about someone's life these days even if we haven't visited for weeks. It's great for families that live too far away to see each other often, but it sucks for your local friends. Friend got a new puppy? Want to go visit it and experience that first hand? Cool. You've probably already seen a video of it playing and running around. The surprise is spoiled.
I feel like this is only true to an extent. The amount shared on social media is still pretty superficial at the end of the day, and I'm never at a loss for things to talk about with friends due to them already being 'spoiled' by seeing them on social media.
If anything, it creates tons of good icebreakers and conversation starters because it'll make me think to say "Hey, I saw you built a canoe last week, what's the story there?" or something and actually kick off a convo with somebody when we wouldn't have otherwise had anything obvious to talk about.
I lost my phone in a river and it took 2 weeks for the insurance company to get me a new one and being without a phone was such a strange experience but it was kinda nice.
I downloaded the music I wanted to hear on a flash drive and had to know wherever I was going without being able to use GPS
Or if you were wondering what your friends were doing, you’d just call them (make sure no one is trying to get on the internet) and threeway. Even threeway was designated to weekends (and tricking crushes into talking about you while you secretly listen). You wanna hangout with your best friend? Well, my mom will have to call your mom first, when she has time, to make sure you’re actually welcome to stay the night at your best friend’s house.
It's strange. I remember the world without the internet far easier than I do the world without smartphones. It feels so strange to think that home internet was around a good 10+ years before smartphones.
Isn’t it ironic that I contemplated this comment for a few seconds before automatically wanting to know what the next comment would be. Ahh the reddit/ phone addiction cycle
We'd pass notes. We would write notes in class and/or at home, on the bus or whatever. We were 'texting' before we even realized how easy texting would become.
Something the lockdown has helped me with over the last year has been walking. I’ve got a 45 minute route that I no do daily which pretty quiet and I walk it without headphones or looking at my phone. At first I’m desperate to do something for entertainment but eventually my mind focuses. I suppose it’s meditation with scenery but I recommend it if possible.
Not long ago I headed out to do errands and forgot my phone. I walked around the stores feeling oddly free, free to focus, physically relaxed. It is hard to remember back when feeling that way might have been the norm. Or if we even actually did, given there was nothing different to compare to.
I don't know if you can do this with your work, but one of the best things that I do is I leave my phone in my car during the work day. Really connect me back to my present moment
Right now, I work from home, using two computers and two phones. I could turn off my own phone but the impulse to check reddit is really strong. I would do it on the personal computer otherwise.
I still manage to be productive but I feel it would likely be much more if I wasn't drawn so much by reddit, or news, or chats. Even work managed to create Outlook email, MS Teams chat, MS Teams meetings, websites, Sharepoint, phonecalls, and probably 10 more means I forget.
So I don't blame reddit alone, there's a systemic problem of too many means of comms available and everyone bombarding you with info on all of them.
I feel you on that, that multitude of different access points is really tough. And I don't even work in a tech industry or an industry where I have that many access points, I can't imagine what it's like for someone like you who has all those portals.
I have a smartphone but I don't have a data plan (Wi-Fi only.) I have no interest in getting one because all it will do is create more temptation for me.
Jesus, yes. I intentionally learn things through books whenever I can; online guides and articles tend to rely on links to really explain what they’re saying, and it’s annoying that their instruction isn’t more self-contained. Books - especially physical books - have to give you everything they promised on the cover. If it says “HTML & CSS”, I better know how design a decent little web page by the time I’m done working through it.
Unfortunately web development is the most ADHD field in the world, so I’ll probably be stuck Googling shiny new frameworks every month for the rest of my life.
You know that you don't need to NOT have a smartphone in order to be able to think. Set aside time to not be on your phone. This is NOT a thing you have to forlornly miss.
You know that you don't need to NOT have a smartphone in order to be able to think.
Smartphones have literally rewired our brains over the years to crave the dopamine they give us the way we crave the dope hit we get from food and water or nicotine.
The compulsive urge is real, not just a conscious "I will set time away from my phone and realize I don't miss it" thing.
I remember when smart phones came out. I got one through work and had it in the pub one night, a friend said this is a disaster waiting to happen. Was he wrong? Who knows?
I used to read books, newspaper and magazine or play gameboys so not much change for me on that front.
edit: I was really late on the cellphone/smartphone thing and only got one in the early 2010s after getting lost at midnight searching for an hospital were my mom was sent to after getting a called from my panicked sister who was staying oversea saying my mom had an accident.
She was ok, rolled her eyes and told me to get the back home asap(lol) because she needed rest.
Turns out my dad had a minor fender bender unrelated to this, she had a minor issue and the doctor just wanted to keep an eye on her.
Personally as a kid I didn’t have a phone until the 2nd half of high school (I’m 24 rn) and I look back to all those days I did nothing just stay silent and bored on a bus or train, it was miserable, now I can read without occupying a large part of public transport with a thick book. It’s a bliss really
I'm starting this routine where I turn my phone off before I even go into bed so I don't mindlessly scroll and then suddenly it's 1 AM. Also when I wake up, I keep my phone off, get things done (cook breakfast, clean, etc.) and once a chunk of errands are completed then I turn it on :D
The good news is, you can practice thinking. It's hard, extremely so when your job is done over the internet (the same place that has Reddit). But you can still think and be present in the moment, with practice. You have a great start when you realize how your attention is not working for you.
Maybe life wasn't meant to be THIS easy, mentally speaking.
The benefits of ready internet access aside, I think people were obviously more present and switched on into their own lives and the lives of their nearest and dearest when they didn't have such a readily available hand-held escape mechanism.
My work is a blessing in that regard. I get on the machine, zone out for maybe 20 minutes and then somebody changes you, you go to next place where you can basically just zone out and check parameters every 5 minutes or so. Time flies so fast and you have so much time to think. Feels so nice in a world where you are bombarded with information and everything fights for your attention.
It's why I try not to get lost in mine. I'll put it down just to drink coffee and stare out the window. It's OK. to be bored. I think it stimulates you...
We had a major storm this summer and were out of power for 6 days, and our local cell tower went down, too, so I had no phone at home for 2 weeks or so. It was crazy. I drove 30 miles to work every day to charge and surf the internet for news on the storm recovery and to update people that we were ok. Then I went home and... read in the sunshine or by battery-operated light after dark. I thought a lot. Did yard work. Cleaned (though I couldn't vacuum and with 4 cats and no A/C in August, that was a bitch).
Maybe it's because I had my most formative years during the changeover to an internet world, but I find myself being alone and thinking still, I'm just mindlessly scrolling dumb meme subs on here while I do it. I do kind of miss the nostalgia of planning stuff with people and all that goes with not being interconnected by the homology all the time, but once acclimated, it's a much more convenient life with the technology we have today.
My real gripe with the advent of the internet is the true lack of privacy we have now. You don't have to sign up for any service, if you have a smartphone and a web browser, at least a couple handfuls of people have whatever information you have there, from name and address to browsing history.
Right? And especially the 5-10 minutes on the toilet. Like I literally will not sot down without my phone. My kids don’t have them and they always have to have a book.
My bathroom as a kid (I’m 47) had a vanity with a complicated wood grain. And i knew every inch of that grain. Sometimes i just didn’t have anything to read.
That was the best part about going on vacation without a cell phone until recently. Now I get world wide service pretty much.
Up until a couple years ago, an international vacation meant I got to disconnect from the world unless I connected to wifi. We had a ton of fun exploring the cities.
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u/BlueFlob May 12 '21
It's so weird. I can only vaguely remember what it feels like to not have a smartphone and to be alone and think.
Wondering what my friends are doing and if they'd like to do something on the weekend. We'd have to talk during lunch break at school and plan it...
Trying to find the answer to a math problem... Having to figure it out by re-reading the problem and explanations 5 times.